OLiA Annotation Model for the Tatian Corpus of Deviating Examples (T-CODEX, Petrova et al. 2009) and other resources for Old High German (OHG) assembled by project B4 of the Collaborative Research Center (SFB) 632 "Information Structure" (2003-2015), Universität Potsdam, HU Berlin.
The present corpus, the Tatian Corpus of Deviating Examples T-CODEX 2.0, provides morpho-syntactic and information structural annotation of parts of the Old High German translation attested in the MS St. Gallen Cod. 56, traditionally called the OHG Tatian, one of the largest prose texts from the classical OHG period. This corpus was designed and annotated by Project B4 of Collaborative Research Center on Information Structure at Humboldt University Berlin. (Petrova and Odebrecht 2011)
Unless marked otherwise, all comments are authored by Svetlana Petrova from the 2008 edition of this ontology. Additional resources consulted for the development of this ontology include Petrova and Odebrecht (2011).
References:
Svetlana Petrova and Carolin Odebrecht (2011), Tatian Corpus of Deviating Examples. T-CODEX 2.1 Corpus Description (version of 21-Mar-2011). Technical Report, HU Berlin, https://korpling.german.hu-berlin.de/~annis/T-CODEX/corpus_description_tatian2.1.pdf
Petrova, Svetlana, Solf, Michael, Ritz, Julia, Chiarcos, Christian, Zeldes, Amir (2009) Building and using a richly annotated interlinear diachronic corpus: the case of Old High German Tatian. Traitement Automatique des Langues 50 (2): 47-71.
This tag is given to expressions that are accessible via contextual reference to a given entitiy or to the assumed world knowledge of the interlocutors.
This tag is assigned to adverbs of all kinds, i.e. to adverbs of time, place, incl. location and direction, and to adverbs of cause and manner. (Petrova and Odebrecht 2011).
An adverbial or adverbial phrase is a linguistic term for a single adverb or a group of more than one word operating adverbially, when viewed in terms of their syntactic function.
An adverbial phrase can modify a verb phrase, an adjectival phrase or an entire clause.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverbial_phrase 23.07.08)
An adverbial is a nonobligatory adjunct position which can be further specified according to its semantic function. The tag adv is given incase the interpretation of the adjunct is ambigious or impossible for particular reasons.
Context: Here, we annotate the relation of the clause with respect to the preceding context, especially in terms of discourse organization. We mainly distinguish between ?situation shift? (Situationswechsel) und ?anaphoric reference? (?AR?). Situationswechsel involves a change of time, place, speaker/narrator and participants. (Petrova and Odebrecht 2011)
An auxiliary verb is a verb which accompanies the lexical verb of a verb phrase, and expresses grammatical distinctions not carried by the lexical verb, such as person, number, tense aspect, and voice. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAnAuxiliaryVerb.htm 19.09.06)
Clauses introduced by the causal conjunctions "uuanta" or "bithiu uuanta" (because) in Old High German are ambigious between main and subordinate clauses. For this reason, they are classified as causal uniformly.
The rest of a clause with a topic is annotated for comment. If the entire clause is annotated for comment, this implies that a topic-comment division applies but there is no overt topic phrase (e.g., due to topic-drop etc.).
This type of subclause expresses a concessive relation to the matrix clause.
In modern German these clauses are introduced by "obwohl", "obschon" or "auch wenn".
Context: Here, we annotate the relation of the clause with respect to the preceding context, especially in terms of discourse organization. We mainly distinguish between ?situation shift? (Situationswechsel) und ?anaphoric reference? (?AR?). Situationswechsel involves a change of time, place, speaker/narrator and participants. (Petrova and Odebrecht 2011)
A copula is a verb that links the subject or an object to another phrase, adjective etc. which is part of a complex predicate. The complement of a copula is annotated as PredicateNoun.
At this level, we annotate the semantic properties of phrases with respect to the definite/indefinite distinction. In OHG, the system of definite determiners is not developed yet. Therefore, we annotate the semantic interpretation of the phrase despite of the presence of a definite or indefinite marker.
This tag is given to adverbs of direction. In some cases, they can be potentially interpreted as separable verb prefixes which are formally identical with directional adverbs in OHG. See ?zuo? in ?gieng tho zuo/ ein buochari? (One of the learned man approached) (T__085_21-22). If you want to search for potential prefixes that are stranded from the finite verb, look for entities that are annotated as ?adv:dir? at the level of ?pos? and ?dir? at the level of ?gf?.
This tag at the level of grammatical function is forced by the subject matter of the project B4, namely to investigate verb-object orders in Old High German. It is of utmost importances to distinguish between tensed and untensed verb forms and to have a quick access to the finite verb in the annotation.
(Pintzuk, Susann: Phrase Structures in Competition. Variation in change in old english word order, Garland New York 1999)
This tag is given to frame-setting topics, i.e. to expressions that reflect identifiable time spans and locations within which the predication holds. For more details, see SFB-Guildelines, Sec. 4.2.3.
This tag at the level of grammatical function is forced by the subject matter of the project B4, namely to investigate verb-object orders in Old High German. It is of utmost importances to distinguish between tensed and untensed verb forms and to have a quick access to these categories in the annotation.
(Pintzuk, Susann: Phrase Structures in Competition. Variation in change in old english word order, Garland New York 1999)
The following tags are given to discourse refernts only. For more details on entities that have to be annotated at this level, see the SFB-Guildelines.
hanging topic: In this construction, a dislocated element and its
resuming pronoun do not necessarily agree in
case, number and gender. (Petrova and Odebrecht 2011)
This tag at the level of grammatical function is forced by the subject matter of the project B4, namely to investigate verb-object orders in Old High German. It is of utmost importances to distinguish between tensed and untensed verb forms and to have a quick access to these categories in the annotation.
(Pintzuk, Susann: Phrase Structures in Competition. Variation in change in old english word order, Garland New York 1999)
A interrogative pronoun is a pro-form that is used in questions to stand for the item questioned.
(http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAnInterrogativeProForm.htm 19.09.06)
This tag is given to independent root clauses with a finite verb. Normally we distinguish between declarative and different types of nondeclarative main clauses, but if a clear-cut distinction is not possible, we use the tag main.
The categories of ?nif? and ?cf? are not mutually exclusive. If they (partially) overplap, i.e. if a contrastive feature is included in nif, then we use a slash to mark this relation.
Modals are a class of verbs that are used most often with an infinitive to express ability, possibility, disposition or obligation. Pay attention to the fact that the list of modal verbs in OHG is larger than in modern German.
In this category we subsume words that express sentence negation in Old High German:for example the negative particle "ni/ ne" which cliticizes on the finite verb, like in "Ni quam ih" (I didn't come) or words like "nalles" (and not), "noh" (neither).
Numeral is a cover term for cardinal numers, ordinal numbers and some special classes like 'both', 'lots of', 'half'.
(Helbig, G., Buscha J., Deutsche Grammatik, Leipzig Enzyklop?die 10. edition, 1987, page 320 f.)
Example: "zuelif iaro" (twelve years) (T_096_31-32)
Participial constructions are used as adjunct clauses in Old High German. As they lack a finite verb form they are kept separately from finite subordinate clauses.
Noninflected parts of speech with no proper denotation, but special functions which contribute to the truth value of the sentence.
Examples: "uu?rlihho", "?a", "enu"
This tag at the level of grammatical function is forced by the subject matter of the project B4, namely to investigate verb-object orders in Old High German. It is of utmost importances to distinguish between tensed and untensed verb forms and to have a quick access to these categories in the annotation.
(Pintzuk, Susann: Phrase Structures in Competition. Variation in change in old english word order, Garland New York 1999)
A personal pronoun is a pronoun that expresses a distinction of person deixis. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAPersonalPronoun.htm 19.09.06)
In OHG, there is no formal class of possessive pronouns. We give this tag to the genitive form of personal pronouns used to express possessive relations.
The predicate noun (Deutsch: Pr?dikatsnomen) is a term used in classical philology to describe the obligatory argument of copula verbs, like 'to be', 'to become', 'to call', etc.
The predicate noun can be a noun, an adjective, a prepositional phrase and even a whole sentence.
Example: "uuituua" in "thiu uuas uuituua" (She was a widow.) , "cephas" in "thu bist giheizzan cephas" (Your name will be Cephas.)
A traditional term which expresses secondary predication.
Example: "blint" in "thaz her blint uuvrdi geboran" (That he was born as a blind man.) (T_220_ 17)
A prepositional phrase which is selected as an argument of a verb or an adjective.
Examples: "in inan" in "giloubtun in inan th? sine iungiron" (His disciples started to believe in Him.) (T_056_10)
"fora gote" in "siu uuarun rehtiu beidu fora gote" (They were both rightious before God.) (T_026_3)
This tag at the level of grammatical function is forced by the subject matter of the project B4, namely to investigate verb-object orders in Old High German. It is of utmost importances to distinguish between tensed and untensed verb forms and to have a quick access to these categories in the annotation.
(Pintzuk, Susann: Phrase Structures in Competition. Variation in change in old english word order, Garland New York 1999)
A reciprocal pronoun is a pronoun that expresses a mutual feeling or action among the referents of a plural subject.
(http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAReciprocalPronoun.htm 19.09.06)
This tag is given to expressions that are possible aboutness topics of the clause. For more information on the notion of aboutness, see SFB-Guideline 4.2.2.
A reflexive pronoun is a pronoun that has coreference with the subject.
(http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAReflexivePronoun.htm 19.09.06)
Clauses introduced by the demonstrative pronouns in relative function in Old High German are ambigious between main and subordinate clauses. For this reason, they are classified as relative uniformly.
Headless relative clauses are further specified according to their function in the clause, e.g. relative subject or relative object.
The complementizer is widely held to be the syntactic head of a full clause, which is therefore often represented by the abbreviation CP (for complementizer phrase).
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complementizer 23.07.08)
Context: Here, we annotate the relation of the clause with respect to the preceding context, especially in terms of discourse organization. We mainly distinguish between ?situation shift? (Situationswechsel) und ?anaphoric reference? (?AR?). Situationswechsel involves a change of time, place, speaker/narrator and participants. (Petrova and Odebrecht 2011)
Anntoation at this level applies if the sentence favours an unambiguous topic-comment reding, i.e., if the utterance allows for any of the types of canonical tests for topics like ?As for X, A says that X?? or ? A says about X that X?.?
According to the standard literature the category of VerbalNoun in Old High German is a cover term that comprises the noninflected and the inflected infinitives (gerund) and the two participles, the present and the past participle.
(Braune, Wilhelm Althochdeutsche Grammatik I - Laut- und Formenlehre, 15. edition by Reiffenstein, Ingo; T?bingen NIemeyer 2004, ?301.5, p.257)
Examples:
noninflected infinitive: "ziohan" (to draw, to pull)
inflected infinitive after a preposition (zi) which selects the dative case (gerund): "zigebanne" (T_031_23)
present participle: "sehenti" (seeing/ looking) (T_026_21)
past participle: "gitruobet" (aggrieved, saddened) (T_026_20)
An expression referring to a person to which the utterance is addressed, e.g. "truhtin", "meistar" or "fater". The vocative expression typically occurs outside of the clause and not in an argument position selected by the predicate.