Annotation scheme of the GENIA corpus (Kim et al. 2003).
Kim, J.D. and Ohta, T. and Tateisi, Y. and Tsujii, J. (2003),
GENIA corpus-a semantically annotated corpus for bio-textmining,
Bioinformatics 19(1):180-182
These are adjectives,
ordinal numerals, and ordinal numbers. Hyphenated compounds that are used as modifiers are
tagged as adjectives, e.g. "happy-go-lucky", "one-of-a-kind", "run-of-the-mill". Ordinal
numbers are tagged as adjectives, as are compounds of the form "n-th" or "X-est", like
"fourth-largest".
This category includes most
words that end in -ly as well as degree words like "quite", "too" and "very", posthead
modifiers like "enough" and "indeed" (as in "good enough", "very well indeed"), and negative
markers like "not", "n' t" and "never".
This tag subsumes
imperatives, infinitives and subjunctives. EXAMPLES: Imperative: Do/VB it. Infinitive: You
should do/VB it. We want them to do/VB it. We made them do/VB it. Subjunctive: We suggested
that he do/VB it.
These are adjectives mostly
with the comparative ending -er and a comparative meaning. "More" or "less" should be tagged
as a comparative adjective when it is used without a head noun and it corresponds to the
object of a verb or preposition.
This category includes
"and", "but", "nor", "or", "yet" (as in "Yet it's cheap", "cheap yet good"), as well as the
mathematical operators "plus", "minus", "less", "times" (in the sense of "multiplied by") and
"over" (in the sense of "divided by"), when they are spelled out. For in the sense of
"because" is a coordinating conjunction.
This category includes the
articles "a(n)", "every", "no" and "the", the indefinite determiners "another", "any" and
"some", "each", "either" (as in "either way"), "neither" (as in "neither decision"), "that",
"these", "this" and "those", and instances of "all" and "both" when they do not precede a
determiner or possessive pronoun (as in "all roads" or "both times").
Existential "there" is the
unstressed "there" that triggers inversion of the inflected verb and the logical subject of a
sentence, e.g. "There/EX was a party in progress.", "There/EX ensued a melee.".
This category includes all
verbs that don't take an -s ending in the third person singular present: "can", "could",
("dare"), "may", "might", "must", "ought", "shall", "should", "will", "would".
This category includes the
personal pronouns proper, without regard for case distinctions ("I", "me", "you", "he", "him",
etc.), the reflexive pronouns ending in -self or -selves, and the nominal possessive pronouns
"mine", "yours", "his", "hers", "ours" and "theirs".
The possessive ending on
nouns ending in 's or is split off by the tagging algorithm and tagged as if it were a
separate word. e.g. "John/ NP 's/POS idea", "the parents/NNS'/POS distress".
This category includes the
following determinerlike elements when they precede an article or possessive pronoun.
EXAMPLES: all/PDT his marbles nary/PDT a soul both/PDT the girls quite/PDT a mess half/PDT his
time rather/PDT a nuisance many/PDT a moon such/PDT a good time
We make no explicit
distinction between prepositions and subordinating conjunctions. (The distinction is not lost,
however - a preposition is an IN that precedes a noun phrase or a prepositional phrase, and a
subordinate conjunction is an IN that precedes a clause). The preposition "to" has its own
special tag TO.
These are adjectives with
the superlative ending -est (as well as "worst"). "Most" and "least" can also be tagged as
superlative adjective when they occur by themselves.
This tag should be used for
mathematical, scientific and technical symbols or expressions that aren't words of English. It
should not used for any and all technical expressions. For instance, the names of chemicals,
units of measurements (including abbreviations thereof) and the like should be tagged as
nouns.
This category includes
"how", "where", "why", etc. When in a temporal sense is tagged as wh-adverb. In the sense of
"if", on the other hand, it is a subordinating conjunction. EXAMPLES: "When/WRB he finally
arrived, I was on my way out."