Ontology - olia

Abstract
OLiA Reference Model for Morphology, Morphosyntax and Syntax (originally based on the EAGLES recommendations, with modifications in accordance to DCR (ISOcat, June 2013), TDS ontology, GOLD v.03, the SFB 632 annotation guidelines, the MULTEXT-East ontology and various annotation schemes)
Latest Version
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#

Imports

Classes - Overview

G olia_system_Relation Relation (olia_system) olia_top_SyntacticRelation Syntactic Relation (olia_top) olia_system_Relation->olia_top_SyntacticRelation is a Homonym Homonym olia_system_Relation->Homonym is a Homophone Homophone olia_system_Relation->Homophone is a Homograph Homograph olia_system_Relation->Homograph is a ExpansionVariation Expansion Variation olia_system_Relation->ExpansionVariation is a olia_top_OrthographicEntity Orthographic Entity (olia_top) Script Script olia_top_OrthographicEntity->Script is a Character Character olia_top_OrthographicEntity->Character is a String String olia_top_OrthographicEntity->String is a Diacritic Diacritic olia_top_OrthographicEntity->Diacritic is a Token Token olia_top_OrthographicEntity->Token is a Text Text olia_top_OrthographicEntity->Text is a olia_top_MorphologicalCategory Morphological Category (olia_top) Morpheme Morpheme olia_top_MorphologicalCategory->Morpheme is a olia_top_MorphologicalProcess Morphological Process (olia_top) Cliticization Cliticization olia_top_MorphologicalProcess->Cliticization is a Derivation Derivation olia_top_MorphologicalProcess->Derivation is a Composition Composition olia_top_MorphologicalProcess->Composition is a Reduplication Reduplication olia_top_MorphologicalProcess->Reduplication is a olia_top_PhonologicalProcess Phonological Process (olia_top) Elision Elision olia_top_PhonologicalProcess->Elision is a Apocope Apocope olia_top_PhonologicalProcess->Apocope is a olia_top_MorphosyntacticCategory Morphosyntactic Category (olia_top) Residual Residual olia_top_MorphosyntacticCategory->Residual is a Adposition Adposition olia_top_MorphosyntacticCategory->Adposition is a Noun Noun olia_top_MorphosyntacticCategory->Noun is a Verb Verb olia_top_MorphosyntacticCategory->Verb is a PronounOrDeterminer Pronoun Or Determiner olia_top_MorphosyntacticCategory->PronounOrDeterminer is a Punctuation Punctuation olia_top_MorphosyntacticCategory->Punctuation is a Quantifier Quantifier olia_top_MorphosyntacticCategory->Quantifier is a Adjective Adjective olia_top_MorphosyntacticCategory->Adjective is a Adverb Adverb olia_top_MorphosyntacticCategory->Adverb is a Interjection Interjection olia_top_MorphosyntacticCategory->Interjection is a Unique Unique olia_top_MorphosyntacticCategory->Unique is a Conjunction Conjunction olia_top_MorphosyntacticCategory->Conjunction is a MassNoun Mass Noun CountableNoun Countable Noun olia_top_MoodFeature Mood Feature (olia_top) QuotativeVerb Quotative Verb olia_top_MoodFeature->QuotativeVerb is a ActionalModality Actional Modality olia_top_MoodFeature->ActionalModality is a AbilitativeMood Abilitative Mood olia_top_MoodFeature->AbilitativeMood is a RelativeMood Relative Mood olia_top_MoodFeature->RelativeMood is a DebitiveMood Debitive Mood olia_top_MoodFeature->DebitiveMood is a CausalMood Causal Mood olia_top_MoodFeature->CausalMood is a DeclarativeMood Declarative Mood olia_top_MoodFeature->DeclarativeMood is a DubitiveMood Dubitive Mood olia_top_MoodFeature->DubitiveMood is a HabitualMood Habitual Mood olia_top_MoodFeature->HabitualMood is a ImperativeMood Imperative Mood olia_top_MoodFeature->ImperativeMood is a QuotativeMood Quotative Mood olia_top_MoodFeature->QuotativeMood is a IndicativeMood Indicative Mood olia_top_MoodFeature->IndicativeMood is a OptativeMood Optative Mood olia_top_MoodFeature->OptativeMood is a SubjunctiveMood Subjunctive Mood olia_top_MoodFeature->SubjunctiveMood is a TimitiveMood Timitive Mood olia_top_MoodFeature->TimitiveMood is a IrrealisMood Irrealis Mood olia_top_MoodFeature->IrrealisMood is a PresumptiveMood Presumptive Mood olia_top_MoodFeature->PresumptiveMood is a ConditionalMood Conditional Mood olia_top_MoodFeature->ConditionalMood is a ReflexivePossessiveDeterminer Reflexive Possessive Determiner PossessiveRelativePronoun Possessive Relative Pronoun ExistentialPronoun Existential Pronoun olia_top_NumeralAgreementClass Numeral Agreement Class (olia_top) DualQuantifier Dual Quantifier olia_top_NumeralAgreementClass->DualQuantifier is a PaucalQuantifier Paucal Quantifier olia_top_NumeralAgreementClass->PaucalQuantifier is a SingularQuantifier Singular Quantifier olia_top_NumeralAgreementClass->SingularQuantifier is a PluralQuantifier Plural Quantifier olia_top_NumeralAgreementClass->PluralQuantifier is a olia_top_ValencyFeature Valency Feature (olia_top) Atransitive Atransitive olia_top_ValencyFeature->Atransitive is a Intransitive Intransitive olia_top_ValencyFeature->Intransitive is a Transitive Transitive olia_top_ValencyFeature->Transitive is a Ditransitive Ditransitive olia_top_ValencyFeature->Ditransitive is a olia_top_SeparabilityFeature Separability Feature (olia_top) NonSeparable Non Separable olia_top_SeparabilityFeature->NonSeparable is a Separable Separable olia_top_SeparabilityFeature->Separable is a olia_top_StrengthFeature Strength Feature (olia_top) NonreducedInflection Nonreduced Inflection olia_top_StrengthFeature->NonreducedInflection is a ReducedInflection Reduced Inflection olia_top_StrengthFeature->ReducedInflection is a Weak Weak olia_top_StrengthFeature->Weak is a Strong Strong olia_top_StrengthFeature->Strong is a olia_top_PolarityFeature Polarity Feature (olia_top) Negation Negation olia_top_PolarityFeature->Negation is a NonNegated Non Negated olia_top_PolarityFeature->NonNegated is a olia_top_ProximityFeature Proximity Feature (olia_top) Distal Distal olia_top_ProximityFeature->Distal is a Proximal Proximal olia_top_ProximityFeature->Proximal is a Sequel Sequel olia_top_ProximityFeature->Sequel is a olia_top_ClusivityFeature Clusivity Feature (olia_top) Exclusive Exclusive olia_top_ClusivityFeature->Exclusive is a Inclusive Inclusive olia_top_ClusivityFeature->Inclusive is a olia_top_SpecificityFeature Specificity Feature (olia_top) Specific Specific olia_top_SpecificityFeature->Specific is a Nonspecific Nonspecific olia_top_SpecificityFeature->Nonspecific is a olia_top_NumberFeature Number Feature (olia_top) Collective Collective olia_top_NumberFeature->Collective is a Multal Multal olia_top_NumberFeature->Multal is a Plural Plural olia_top_NumberFeature->Plural is a Singular Singular olia_top_NumberFeature->Singular is a CountNumber Count Number olia_top_NumberFeature->CountNumber is a Dual Dual olia_top_NumberFeature->Dual is a Paucal Paucal olia_top_NumberFeature->Paucal is a Quadrial Quadrial olia_top_NumberFeature->Quadrial is a Trial Trial olia_top_NumberFeature->Trial is a olia_top_CoordTypeFeature Coord Type Feature (olia_top) Simple Simple olia_top_CoordTypeFeature->Simple is a Correlative Correlative olia_top_CoordTypeFeature->Correlative is a NonInitial Non Initial olia_top_CoordTypeFeature->NonInitial is a Initial Initial olia_top_CoordTypeFeature->Initial is a olia_top_SubordTypeFeature Subord Type Feature (olia_top) WithFinite With Finite olia_top_SubordTypeFeature->WithFinite is a WithComparative With Comparative olia_top_SubordTypeFeature->WithComparative is a WithInfinite With Infinite olia_top_SubordTypeFeature->WithInfinite is a olia_top_InflectionTypeFeature Inflection Type Feature (olia_top) StrongInflection Strong Inflection olia_top_InflectionTypeFeature->StrongInflection is a BaseForm Base Form olia_top_InflectionTypeFeature->BaseForm is a Uninflected Uninflected olia_top_InflectionTypeFeature->Uninflected is a Inflected Inflected olia_top_InflectionTypeFeature->Inflected is a MixedInflection Mixed Inflection olia_top_InflectionTypeFeature->MixedInflection is a WeakInflection Weak Inflection olia_top_InflectionTypeFeature->WeakInflection is a olia_top_NarrativeType Narrative Type (olia_top) DirectSpeech Direct Speech olia_top_NarrativeType->DirectSpeech is a olia_top_VoiceFeature Voice Feature (olia_top) olia_top_ReflexivityFeature Reflexivity Feature (olia_top) olia_top_VoiceFeature->olia_top_ReflexivityFeature is a Reflexive Reflexive olia_top_VoiceFeature->Reflexive is a CausativeVoice Causative Voice olia_top_VoiceFeature->CausativeVoice is a AntiCausativeVoice Anti Causative Voice olia_top_VoiceFeature->AntiCausativeVoice is a CircumstantialVoice Circumstantial Voice olia_top_VoiceFeature->CircumstantialVoice is a MediopassiveVoice Mediopassive Voice olia_top_VoiceFeature->MediopassiveVoice is a MiddleVoice Middle Voice olia_top_VoiceFeature->MiddleVoice is a PassiveVoice Passive Voice olia_top_VoiceFeature->PassiveVoice is a ApplicativeVoice Applicative Voice olia_top_VoiceFeature->ApplicativeVoice is a AdjutativeVoice Adjutative Voice olia_top_VoiceFeature->AdjutativeVoice is a ActiveVoice Active Voice olia_top_VoiceFeature->ActiveVoice is a ReflexiveVoice Reflexive Voice olia_top_VoiceFeature->ReflexiveVoice is a Antipassive Antipassive olia_top_VoiceFeature->Antipassive is a olia_top_SyntacticRole Syntactic Role (olia_top) Head Head olia_top_SyntacticRole->Head is a Predicate Predicate olia_top_SyntacticRole->Predicate is a SyntacticComplement Syntactic Complement olia_top_SyntacticRole->SyntacticComplement is a SyntacticAdjunct Syntactic Adjunct olia_top_SyntacticRole->SyntacticAdjunct is a Modifier Modifier olia_top_SyntacticRole->Modifier is a Conjunct Conjunct olia_top_SyntacticRole->Conjunct is a SyntacticArgument Syntactic Argument olia_top_SyntacticRole->SyntacticArgument is a olia_top_AspectFeature Aspect Feature (olia_top) InchoativeAspect Inchoative Aspect olia_top_AspectFeature->InchoativeAspect is a CompletiveAspect Completive Aspect olia_top_AspectFeature->CompletiveAspect is a SimpleAspect Simple Aspect olia_top_AspectFeature->SimpleAspect is a CessativeAspect Cessative Aspect olia_top_AspectFeature->CessativeAspect is a ContinuousAspect Continuous Aspect olia_top_AspectFeature->ContinuousAspect is a DurativeAspect Durative Aspect olia_top_AspectFeature->DurativeAspect is a DynamicAspect Dynamic Aspect olia_top_AspectFeature->DynamicAspect is a FrequentiveAspect Frequentive Aspect olia_top_AspectFeature->FrequentiveAspect is a HabitualAspect Habitual Aspect olia_top_AspectFeature->HabitualAspect is a ImperfectiveAspect Imperfective Aspect olia_top_AspectFeature->ImperfectiveAspect is a InceptiveAspect Inceptive Aspect olia_top_AspectFeature->InceptiveAspect is a IterativeAspect Iterative Aspect olia_top_AspectFeature->IterativeAspect is a PerfectiveAspect Perfective Aspect olia_top_AspectFeature->PerfectiveAspect is a PhasalAspect Phasal Aspect olia_top_AspectFeature->PhasalAspect is a PointOfViewAspect Point Of View Aspect olia_top_AspectFeature->PointOfViewAspect is a ProgressiveAspect Progressive Aspect olia_top_AspectFeature->ProgressiveAspect is a PurposiveAspect Purposive Aspect olia_top_AspectFeature->PurposiveAspect is a QuantificationalAspect Quantificational Aspect olia_top_AspectFeature->QuantificationalAspect is a RelevanceAspect Relevance Aspect olia_top_AspectFeature->RelevanceAspect is a SemelfactiveAspect Semelfactive Aspect olia_top_AspectFeature->SemelfactiveAspect is a TerminativeAspect Terminative Aspect olia_top_AspectFeature->TerminativeAspect is a UnaccomplishedAspect Unaccomplished Aspect olia_top_AspectFeature->UnaccomplishedAspect is a olia_top_ModalityFeature Modality Feature (olia_top) AbilitativeModality Abilitative Modality olia_top_ModalityFeature->AbilitativeModality is a VolitiveModality Volitive Modality olia_top_ModalityFeature->VolitiveModality is a RelativeModality Relative Modality olia_top_ModalityFeature->RelativeModality is a EvaluativeModality Evaluative Modality olia_top_ModalityFeature->EvaluativeModality is a PermissiveModality Permissive Modality olia_top_ModalityFeature->PermissiveModality is a ObligativeModality Obligative Modality olia_top_ModalityFeature->ObligativeModality is a EpistemicPossibilityModality Epistemic Possibility Modality olia_top_ModalityFeature->EpistemicPossibilityModality is a EpistemicNecessityModality Epistemic Necessity Modality olia_top_ModalityFeature->EpistemicNecessityModality is a AdmonitiveModality Admonitive Modality olia_top_ModalityFeature->AdmonitiveModality is a DebitiveModality Debitive Modality olia_top_ModalityFeature->DebitiveModality is a CausalModality Causal Modality olia_top_ModalityFeature->CausalModality is a DeclarativeModality Declarative Modality olia_top_ModalityFeature->DeclarativeModality is a DubitiveModality Dubitive Modality olia_top_ModalityFeature->DubitiveModality is a QuotativeModality Quotative Modality olia_top_ModalityFeature->QuotativeModality is a InterrogativeModality Interrogative Modality olia_top_ModalityFeature->InterrogativeModality is a OptativeModality Optative Modality olia_top_ModalityFeature->OptativeModality is a SubjunctiveModality Subjunctive Modality olia_top_ModalityFeature->SubjunctiveModality is a TimitiveModality Timitive Modality olia_top_ModalityFeature->TimitiveModality is a IrrealisModality Irrealis Modality olia_top_ModalityFeature->IrrealisModality is a ConditionalModality Conditional Modality olia_top_ModalityFeature->ConditionalModality is a olia_top_EmphasisFeature Emphasis Feature (olia_top) Emphatic Emphatic olia_top_EmphasisFeature->Emphatic is a NonEmphatic Non Emphatic olia_top_EmphasisFeature->NonEmphatic is a olia_top_PersonFeature Person Feature (olia_top) Third Third olia_top_PersonFeature->Third is a Second Second olia_top_PersonFeature->Second is a First First olia_top_PersonFeature->First is a olia_top_GenderFeature Gender Feature (olia_top) Feminine Feminine olia_top_GenderFeature->Feminine is a Neuter Neuter olia_top_GenderFeature->Neuter is a Masculine Masculine olia_top_GenderFeature->Masculine is a CommonGender Common Gender olia_top_GenderFeature->CommonGender is a AnimateGender Animate Gender olia_top_GenderFeature->AnimateGender is a InanimateGender Inanimate Gender olia_top_GenderFeature->InanimateGender is a olia_top_TenseFeature Tense Feature (olia_top) NotTemporallyAnchored Not Temporally Anchored olia_top_TenseFeature->NotTemporallyAnchored is a RelativeTense Relative Tense olia_top_TenseFeature->RelativeTense is a AbsoluteTense Absolute Tense olia_top_TenseFeature->AbsoluteTense is a AbsoluteRelativeTense Absolute Relative Tense olia_top_TenseFeature->AbsoluteRelativeTense is a olia_top_DegreeFeature Degree Feature (olia_top) Superlative Superlative olia_top_DegreeFeature->Superlative is a Positive Positive olia_top_DegreeFeature->Positive is a Comparative Comparative olia_top_DegreeFeature->Comparative is a ElativeDegree Elative Degree olia_top_DegreeFeature->ElativeDegree is a InstrumentNoun Instrument Noun TimeNoun Time Noun MannerNoun Manner Noun olia_top_CaseFeature Case Feature (olia_top) ObjectiveCase Objective Case olia_top_CaseFeature->ObjectiveCase is a AversiveCase Aversive Case olia_top_CaseFeature->AversiveCase is a FactiveCase Factive Case olia_top_CaseFeature->FactiveCase is a DistributiveCase Distributive Case olia_top_CaseFeature->DistributiveCase is a AbessiveCase Abessive Case olia_top_CaseFeature->AbessiveCase is a AblativeCase Ablative Case olia_top_CaseFeature->AblativeCase is a AbsolutiveCase Absolutive Case olia_top_CaseFeature->AbsolutiveCase is a Accusative Accusative olia_top_CaseFeature->Accusative is a AdessiveCase Adessive Case olia_top_CaseFeature->AdessiveCase is a AditiveCase Aditive Case olia_top_CaseFeature->AditiveCase is a AllativeCase Allative Case olia_top_CaseFeature->AllativeCase is a BenefactiveCase Benefactive Case olia_top_CaseFeature->BenefactiveCase is a CausativeCase Causative Case olia_top_CaseFeature->CausativeCase is a ComitativeCase Comitative Case olia_top_CaseFeature->ComitativeCase is a ContablativeCase Contablative Case olia_top_CaseFeature->ContablativeCase is a ContallativeCase Contallative Case olia_top_CaseFeature->ContallativeCase is a ConterminativeCase Conterminative Case olia_top_CaseFeature->ConterminativeCase is a ContlativeCase Contlative Case olia_top_CaseFeature->ContlativeCase is a DativeCase Dative Case olia_top_CaseFeature->DativeCase is a DelativeCase Delative Case olia_top_CaseFeature->DelativeCase is a ElativeCase Elative Case olia_top_CaseFeature->ElativeCase is a EquativeCase Equative Case olia_top_CaseFeature->EquativeCase is a ErgativeCase Ergative Case olia_top_CaseFeature->ErgativeCase is a EssiveCase Essive Case olia_top_CaseFeature->EssiveCase is a EssiveFormalCase Essive Formal Case olia_top_CaseFeature->EssiveFormalCase is a DirectCase Direct Case olia_top_CaseFeature->DirectCase is a GenitiveCase Genitive Case olia_top_CaseFeature->GenitiveCase is a FormalCase Formal Case olia_top_CaseFeature->FormalCase is a MultiplicativeCase Multiplicative Case olia_top_CaseFeature->MultiplicativeCase is a TemporalisCase Temporalis Case olia_top_CaseFeature->TemporalisCase is a IllativeCase Illative Case olia_top_CaseFeature->IllativeCase is a InablativeCase Inablative Case olia_top_CaseFeature->InablativeCase is a InallativeCase Inallative Case olia_top_CaseFeature->InallativeCase is a InessiveCase Inessive Case olia_top_CaseFeature->InessiveCase is a InstrumentalCase Instrumental Case olia_top_CaseFeature->InstrumentalCase is a InterablativeCase Interablative Case olia_top_CaseFeature->InterablativeCase is a InterallativeCase Interallative Case olia_top_CaseFeature->InterallativeCase is a InteressiveCase Interessive Case olia_top_CaseFeature->InteressiveCase is a InterlativeCase Interlative Case olia_top_CaseFeature->InterlativeCase is a InterminativeCase Interminative Case olia_top_CaseFeature->InterminativeCase is a InterterminativeCase Interterminative Case olia_top_CaseFeature->InterterminativeCase is a IntertranslativeCase Intertranslative Case olia_top_CaseFeature->IntertranslativeCase is a IntranslativeCase Intranslative Case olia_top_CaseFeature->IntranslativeCase is a LativeCase Lative Case olia_top_CaseFeature->LativeCase is a LocationalCase Locational Case olia_top_CaseFeature->LocationalCase is a LocativeCase Locative Case olia_top_CaseFeature->LocativeCase is a MalefactiveCase Malefactive Case olia_top_CaseFeature->MalefactiveCase is a Nominative Nominative olia_top_CaseFeature->Nominative is a ObliqueCase Oblique Case olia_top_CaseFeature->ObliqueCase is a PartitiveCase Partitive Case olia_top_CaseFeature->PartitiveCase is a PerlativeCase Perlative Case olia_top_CaseFeature->PerlativeCase is a PossessedCase Possessed Case olia_top_CaseFeature->PossessedCase is a PrepositionalCase Prepositional Case olia_top_CaseFeature->PrepositionalCase is a ProlativeCase Prolative Case olia_top_CaseFeature->ProlativeCase is a ProprietiveCase Proprietive Case olia_top_CaseFeature->ProprietiveCase is a PurposiveCase Purposive Case olia_top_CaseFeature->PurposiveCase is a SociativeCase Sociative Case olia_top_CaseFeature->SociativeCase is a SubablativeCase Subablative Case olia_top_CaseFeature->SubablativeCase is a SuballativeCase Suballative Case olia_top_CaseFeature->SuballativeCase is a SubessiveCase Subessive Case olia_top_CaseFeature->SubessiveCase is a SublativeCase Sublative Case olia_top_CaseFeature->SublativeCase is a SubterminativeCase Subterminative Case olia_top_CaseFeature->SubterminativeCase is a SubtranslativeCase Subtranslative Case olia_top_CaseFeature->SubtranslativeCase is a SuperablativeCase Superablative Case olia_top_CaseFeature->SuperablativeCase is a SuperallativeCase Superallative Case olia_top_CaseFeature->SuperallativeCase is a SuperessiveCase Superessive Case olia_top_CaseFeature->SuperessiveCase is a SuperlativeCase Superlative Case olia_top_CaseFeature->SuperlativeCase is a SuperterminativeCase Superterminative Case olia_top_CaseFeature->SuperterminativeCase is a SupertranslativeCase Supertranslative Case olia_top_CaseFeature->SupertranslativeCase is a TerminativeCase Terminative Case olia_top_CaseFeature->TerminativeCase is a TranslativeCase Translative Case olia_top_CaseFeature->TranslativeCase is a VocativeCase Vocative Case olia_top_CaseFeature->VocativeCase is a olia_top_DefinitenessFeature Definiteness Feature (olia_top) Definite Definite olia_top_DefinitenessFeature->Definite is a StatusConstructus Status Constructus olia_top_DefinitenessFeature->StatusConstructus is a Indefinite Indefinite olia_top_DefinitenessFeature->Indefinite is a olia_top_SyntacticFunction Syntactic Function (olia_top) Adverbial Adverbial olia_top_SyntacticFunction->Adverbial is a Nominal Nominal olia_top_SyntacticFunction->Nominal is a Adjectival Adjectival olia_top_SyntacticFunction->Adjectival is a Verbal Verbal olia_top_SyntacticFunction->Verbal is a olia_top_CountabilityFeature Countability Feature (olia_top) Uncountable Uncountable olia_top_CountabilityFeature->Uncountable is a Countable Countable olia_top_CountabilityFeature->Countable is a olia_top_EvaluativeFeature Evaluative Feature (olia_top) PreferredEvaluative Preferred Evaluative olia_top_EvaluativeFeature->PreferredEvaluative is a PejorativeEvaluative Pejorative Evaluative olia_top_EvaluativeFeature->PejorativeEvaluative is a olia_top_SemanticRole Semantic Role (olia_top) ActorMacroRole Actor Macro Role olia_top_SemanticRole->ActorMacroRole is a AddresseeRole Addressee Role olia_top_SemanticRole->AddresseeRole is a ComitativeRole Comitative Role olia_top_SemanticRole->ComitativeRole is a DirectionRole Direction Role olia_top_SemanticRole->DirectionRole is a ExtentRole Extent Role olia_top_SemanticRole->ExtentRole is a GoalRole Goal Role olia_top_SemanticRole->GoalRole is a InstrumentRole Instrument Role olia_top_SemanticRole->InstrumentRole is a LocationRole Location Role olia_top_SemanticRole->LocationRole is a ObliqueRole Oblique Role olia_top_SemanticRole->ObliqueRole is a PossessorRole Possessor Role olia_top_SemanticRole->PossessorRole is a PurposeRole Purpose Role olia_top_SemanticRole->PurposeRole is a TimeRole Time Role olia_top_SemanticRole->TimeRole is a MannerRole Manner Role olia_top_SemanticRole->MannerRole is a CauseRole Cause Role olia_top_SemanticRole->CauseRole is a UndergoerMacroRole Undergoer Macro Role olia_top_SemanticRole->UndergoerMacroRole is a ConditionRole Condition Role olia_top_SemanticRole->ConditionRole is a ThemeRole Theme Role olia_top_SemanticRole->ThemeRole is a olia_system_UnitOfAnnotation Unit Of Annotation (olia_system) olia_top_EvidentialityFeature Evidentiality Feature (olia_top) VisualEvidentiality Visual Evidentiality olia_top_EvidentialityFeature->VisualEvidentiality is a OtherSourceEvidentiality Other Source Evidentiality olia_top_EvidentialityFeature->OtherSourceEvidentiality is a DeductiveEvidentiality Deductive Evidentiality olia_top_EvidentialityFeature->DeductiveEvidentiality is a olia_top_ReduplicationTypeFeature Reduplication Type Feature (olia_top) olia_top_SyntacticConstruction Syntactic Construction (olia_top) Adjunction Adjunction olia_top_SyntacticConstruction->Adjunction is a WordOrderInverse Word Order Inverse olia_top_SyntacticConstruction->WordOrderInverse is a WHCleft W H Cleft olia_top_SyntacticConstruction->WHCleft is a ItCleft It Cleft olia_top_SyntacticConstruction->ItCleft is a Extraposition Extraposition olia_top_SyntacticConstruction->Extraposition is a Fronting Fronting olia_top_SyntacticConstruction->Fronting is a olia_top_NullElement Null Element (olia_top) Trace Trace olia_top_NullElement->Trace is a ZeroPronoun Zero Pronoun olia_top_NullElement->ZeroPronoun is a ZeroComplementizer Zero Complementizer olia_top_NullElement->ZeroComplementizer is a OmittedUnit Omitted Unit olia_top_NullElement->OmittedUnit is a Ellipsis Ellipsis olia_top_NullElement->Ellipsis is a Gapping Gapping olia_top_NullElement->Gapping is a olia_top_TopologicalField Topological Field (olia_top) InitialField Initial Field olia_top_TopologicalField->InitialField is a FinalField Final Field olia_top_TopologicalField->FinalField is a MiddleField Middle Field olia_top_TopologicalField->MiddleField is a LeftSentenceBracket Left Sentence Bracket olia_top_TopologicalField->LeftSentenceBracket is a VerbalComplex Verbal Complex olia_top_TopologicalField->VerbalComplex is a LeftDislocationField Left Dislocation Field olia_top_TopologicalField->LeftDislocationField is a ComplementizerField Complementizer Field olia_top_TopologicalField->ComplementizerField is a CoordinatorField Coordinator Field olia_top_TopologicalField->CoordinatorField is a SubordinatorField Subordinator Field olia_top_TopologicalField->SubordinatorField is a olia_top_Constituent Constituent (olia_top) Sentence Sentence olia_top_Constituent->Sentence is a Clause Clause olia_top_Constituent->Clause is a Phrase Phrase olia_top_Constituent->Phrase is a Fragment Fragment olia_top_Constituent->Fragment is a olia_top_SentenceTypeFeature Sentence Type Feature (olia_top) Question Question olia_top_SentenceTypeFeature->Question is a DeclarativeSentence Declarative Sentence olia_top_SentenceTypeFeature->DeclarativeSentence is a olia_top_SemanticUnit Semantic Unit (olia_top) LexicalUnit Lexical Unit olia_top_SemanticUnit->LexicalUnit is a Ideophone Ideophone olia_top_SemanticUnit->Ideophone is a Collocation Collocation olia_top_SemanticUnit->Collocation is a olia_top_AnimacyFeature Animacy Feature (olia_top) Animate Animate olia_top_AnimacyFeature->Animate is a Inanimate Inanimate olia_top_AnimacyFeature->Inanimate is a OtherAnimacy Other Animacy olia_top_AnimacyFeature->OtherAnimacy is a olia_top_DiscourseEntity Discourse Entity (olia_top) NamedEntity Named Entity olia_top_DiscourseEntity->NamedEntity is a Utterance Utterance olia_top_DiscourseEntity->Utterance is a VocativeExpression Vocative Expression olia_top_DiscourseEntity->VocativeExpression is a Headline Headline olia_top_DiscourseEntity->Headline is a TitleInRunningText Title In Running Text olia_top_DiscourseEntity->TitleInRunningText is a olia_top_LexicalRelation Lexical Relation (olia_top) olia_top_LexicalRelation->Homonym is a olia_top_LexicalRelation->Homophone is a olia_top_LexicalRelation->Homograph is a olia_top_LexicalRelation->ExpansionVariation is a olia_top_ReferentTypeFeature Referent Type Feature (olia_top) Possessive Possessive olia_top_ReferentTypeFeature->Possessive is a Personal Personal olia_top_ReferentTypeFeature->Personal is a olia_top_RegisterFeature Register Feature (olia_top) InHouseRegister In House Register olia_top_RegisterFeature->InHouseRegister is a FormalRegister Formal Register olia_top_RegisterFeature->FormalRegister is a BenchLevelRegister Bench Level Register olia_top_RegisterFeature->BenchLevelRegister is a DialectRegister Dialect Register olia_top_RegisterFeature->DialectRegister is a FacetiousRegister Facetious Register olia_top_RegisterFeature->FacetiousRegister is a IronicRegister Ironic Register olia_top_RegisterFeature->IronicRegister is a NeutralRegister Neutral Register olia_top_RegisterFeature->NeutralRegister is a SlangRegister Slang Register olia_top_RegisterFeature->SlangRegister is a TabooRegister Taboo Register olia_top_RegisterFeature->TabooRegister is a TechnicalRegister Technical Register olia_top_RegisterFeature->TechnicalRegister is a VulgarRegister Vulgar Register olia_top_RegisterFeature->VulgarRegister is a olia_top_UsageAndFrequencyFeature Usage And Frequency Feature (olia_top) Impossible Impossible olia_top_UsageAndFrequencyFeature->Impossible is a Possible Possible olia_top_UsageAndFrequencyFeature->Possible is a olia_top_Word Word (olia_top) EchoWord Echo Word olia_top_Word->EchoWord is a GraphicalSeparator Graphical Separator Character->GraphicalSeparator is a Letter Letter Character->Letter is a Space Space GraphicalSeparator->Space is a RomanNumeral Roman Numeral String->RomanNumeral is a DigitNumeral Digit Numeral String->DigitNumeral is a LetterNumeral Letter Numeral String->LetterNumeral is a Macron Macron Diacritic->Macron is a MorphologicalParticle Morphological Particle Token->MorphologicalParticle is a Morpheme->MorphologicalParticle is a FocusMarker Focus Marker Morpheme->FocusMarker is a Root Root Morpheme->Root is a Affix Affix Morpheme->Affix is a Clitic Clitic Morpheme->Clitic is a CliticElement Clitic Element Morpheme->CliticElement is a Stem Stem Morpheme->Stem is a Infix Infix Affix->Infix is a Prefix Prefix Affix->Prefix is a Suffix Suffix Affix->Suffix is a zuInclusion zu Inclusion Infix->zuInclusion is a SeparablePrefix Separable Prefix Prefix->SeparablePrefix is a BoundClitic Bound Clitic CliticElement->BoundClitic is a CliticSpecificArticle Clitic Specific Article CliticElement->CliticSpecificArticle is a CliticDefiniteArticle Clitic Definite Article CliticElement->CliticDefiniteArticle is a ElementWithClitic Element With Clitic Cliticization->ElementWithClitic is a ElementWithoutClitic Element Without Clitic Cliticization->ElementWithoutClitic is a ElementDemandingClitic Element Demanding Clitic ElementWithoutClitic->ElementDemandingClitic is a Derivation->Collective is a Diminuitive Diminuitive Derivation->Diminuitive is a Augmentative Augmentative Derivation->Augmentative is a Reduplication->EchoWord is a GeneralizationWord Generalization Word Residual->GeneralizationWord is a OnomatopoeticWord Onomatopoetic Word Residual->OnomatopoeticWord is a Contraction Contraction Residual->Contraction is a Typo Typo Residual->Typo is a Date Date Residual->Date is a Abbreviation Abbreviation Residual->Abbreviation is a Foreign Foreign Residual->Foreign is a Symbol Symbol Residual->Symbol is a Formula Formula Residual->Formula is a Acronym Acronym Residual->Acronym is a LayoutElement Layout Element Residual->LayoutElement is a Postposition Postposition Adposition->Postposition is a Preposition Preposition Adposition->Preposition is a Circumposition Circumposition Adposition->Circumposition is a Noun->olia_top_CountabilityFeature hasCountability ProperNoun Proper Noun Noun->ProperNoun is a CommonNoun Common Noun Noun->CommonNoun is a DiminutiveNoun Diminutive Noun Noun->DiminutiveNoun is a VoiceNoun Voice Noun Noun->VoiceNoun is a Verb->olia_top_AspectFeature hasAspect Verb->olia_top_PersonFeature hasObjectPerson Verb->olia_top_TenseFeature hasTense MainVerb Main Verb Verb->MainVerb is a DeficientVerb Deficient Verb Verb->DeficientVerb is a NonFiniteVerb Non Finite Verb Verb->NonFiniteVerb is a LightVerb Light Verb Verb->LightVerb is a AuxiliaryVerb Auxiliary Verb Verb->AuxiliaryVerb is a FiniteVerb Finite Verb Verb->FiniteVerb is a Verb->olia_top_ReflexivityFeature hasReflexivity PronounOrDeterminer->olia_top_StrengthFeature hasStrength Determiner Determiner PronounOrDeterminer->Determiner is a Pronoun Pronoun PronounOrDeterminer->Pronoun is a MainPunctuation Main Punctuation Punctuation->MainPunctuation is a SecondaryPunctuation Secondary Punctuation Punctuation->SecondaryPunctuation is a Quantifier->olia_top_NumeralAgreementClass hasNumeralAgreementClass NominalQuantifier Nominal Quantifier Quantifier->NominalQuantifier is a Numeral Numeral Quantifier->Numeral is a MultipleNumeral Multiple Numeral Quantifier->MultipleNumeral is a ProQuantifier Pro Quantifier Quantifier->ProQuantifier is a CharacteristicAdjective Characteristic Adjective Adjective->CharacteristicAdjective is a PeriodicAdjective Periodic Adjective Adjective->PeriodicAdjective is a RelativeAdjective Relative Adjective Adjective->RelativeAdjective is a PredicativeAdjective Predicative Adjective Adjective->PredicativeAdjective is a AttributiveAdjective Attributive Adjective Adjective->AttributiveAdjective is a SubstantiveAdjective Substantive Adjective Adjective->SubstantiveAdjective is a ParticipleAdjective Participle Adjective Adjective->ParticipleAdjective is a OrdinalAdjective Ordinal Adjective Adjective->OrdinalAdjective is a RelationalAdjective Relational Adjective Adjective->RelationalAdjective is a PossessiveAdjective Possessive Adjective Adjective->PossessiveAdjective is a QualifierAdjective Qualifier Adjective Adjective->QualifierAdjective is a ParticleAdverb Particle Adverb Adverb->ParticleAdverb is a PrepositionalAdverb Prepositional Adverb Adverb->PrepositionalAdverb is a ModifierAdverb Modifier Adverb Adverb->ModifierAdverb is a AdjectivalAdverb Adjectival Adverb Adverb->AdjectivalAdverb is a VerbalAdverb Verbal Adverb Adverb->VerbalAdverb is a AdverbialParticiple Adverbial Participle Adverb->AdverbialParticiple is a NegativeAdverb Negative Adverb Adverb->NegativeAdverb is a CausalAdverb Causal Adverb Adverb->CausalAdverb is a ModalityMarkingAdverb Modality Marking Adverb Adverb->ModalityMarkingAdverb is a MannerAdverb Manner Adverb Adverb->MannerAdverb is a LocationAdverb Location Adverb Adverb->LocationAdverb is a DegreeAdverb Degree Adverb Adverb->DegreeAdverb is a PronominalAdverb Pronominal Adverb Adverb->PronominalAdverb is a WHTypeAdverbs W H Type Adverbs Adverb->WHTypeAdverbs is a Particle Particle Particle->ParticleAdverb is a EmphaticParticle Emphatic Particle Particle->EmphaticParticle is a ContrastiveParticle Contrastive Particle Particle->ContrastiveParticle is a ExistentialParticle Existential Particle Particle->ExistentialParticle is a VerbalParticle Verbal Particle Particle->VerbalParticle is a ConditionalParticle Conditional Particle Particle->ConditionalParticle is a DistinctiveParticle Distinctive Particle Particle->DistinctiveParticle is a NegativeParticle Negative Particle Particle->NegativeParticle is a AffirmativeParticle Affirmative Particle Particle->AffirmativeParticle is a PossessiveParticle Possessive Particle Particle->PossessiveParticle is a ComparativeParticle Comparative Particle Particle->ComparativeParticle is a ModalParticle Modal Particle Particle->ModalParticle is a PreverbalParticle Preverbal Particle Particle->PreverbalParticle is a SuperlativeParticle Superlative Particle Particle->SuperlativeParticle is a RelativeParticle Relative Particle Particle->RelativeParticle is a CoordinationParticle Coordination Particle Particle->CoordinationParticle is a InterrogativeParticle Interrogative Particle Particle->InterrogativeParticle is a AdjectivalParticle Adjectival Particle Particle->AdjectivalParticle is a Unique->Particle is a Expletive Expletive Unique->Expletive is a PossessionMarker Possession Marker Unique->PossessionMarker is a CaseMarker Case Marker Unique->CaseMarker is a Izafat Izafat Unique->Izafat is a MultiplicativeMarker Multiplicative Marker Unique->MultiplicativeMarker is a Intensifier Intensifier Unique->Intensifier is a DiscourseMarker Discourse Marker Unique->DiscourseMarker is a Classifier Classifier Unique->Classifier is a CoordinatingConjunction Coordinating Conjunction Conjunction->CoordinatingConjunction is a SubordinatingConjunction Subordinating Conjunction Conjunction->SubordinatingConjunction is a ConjunctionPhrase Conjunction Phrase Conjunction->ConjunctionPhrase is a Initialism Initialism Abbreviation->Initialism is a AbbreviatedPronoun Abbreviated Pronoun Abbreviation->AbbreviatedPronoun is a CollectivePronoun Collective Pronoun PresentativePronoun Presentative Pronoun Bullet Bullet LayoutElement->Bullet is a ListMarker List Marker LayoutElement->ListMarker is a Image Image LayoutElement->Image is a Preposition->PrepositionalAdverb is a FusedPreposition Fused Preposition Preposition->FusedPreposition is a FusedPrepositionPronoun Fused Preposition Pronoun Preposition->FusedPrepositionPronoun is a SimplePreposition Simple Preposition Preposition->SimplePreposition is a CompoundPreposition Compound Preposition Preposition->CompoundPreposition is a FusedPrepArt Fused Prep Art Preposition->FusedPrepArt is a FusedPronounAuxiliary Fused Pronoun Auxiliary GivenName Given Name ProperNoun->GivenName is a FamilyName Family Name ProperNoun->FamilyName is a PlaceNoun Place Noun ProperNoun->PlaceNoun is a HonorificCommonNoun Honorific Common Noun CommonNoun->HonorificCommonNoun is a TitleNoun Title Noun CommonNoun->TitleNoun is a UnitNoun Unit Noun CommonNoun->UnitNoun is a SpatiotemporalNoun Spatiotemporal Noun CommonNoun->SpatiotemporalNoun is a RelationNoun Relation Noun CommonNoun->RelationNoun is a VerbalNoun Verbal Noun CommonNoun->VerbalNoun is a IntensiveNoun Intensive Noun CommonNoun->IntensiveNoun is a OnceNoun Once Noun CommonNoun->OnceNoun is a ElativeNoun Elative Noun CommonNoun->ElativeNoun is a QualitativeVerb Qualitative Verb MainVerb->QualitativeVerb is a AgentiveVerb Agentive Verb MainVerb->AgentiveVerb is a HonorificVerb Honorific Verb MainVerb->HonorificVerb is a AspirationalVerb Aspirational Verb MainVerb->AspirationalVerb is a NonAgentiveVerb Non Agentive Verb MainVerb->NonAgentiveVerb is a ImpersonalVerb Impersonal Verb MainVerb->ImpersonalVerb is a Infinitive Infinitive NonFiniteVerb->Infinitive is a NonFiniteVerb->VerbalNoun is a Supine Supine NonFiniteVerb->Supine is a Participle Participle NonFiniteVerb->Participle is a Gerund Gerund NonFiniteVerb->Gerund is a Masdar Masdar VerbalNoun->Masdar is a ConditionalParticiple Conditional Participle Participle->ConditionalParticiple is a PresentParticiple Present Participle Participle->PresentParticiple is a PastParticiple Past Participle Participle->PastParticiple is a ing ing Participle->ing is a Participle->ParticipleAdjective is a Participle->AdverbialParticiple is a PresentParticipleAdjective Present Participle Adjective PresentParticiple->PresentParticipleAdjective is a PastParticipleAdjective Past Participle Adjective PastParticiple->PastParticipleAdjective is a Gerund->ing is a AuxiliaryVerb->FusedPronounAuxiliary is a ModalVerb Modal Verb AuxiliaryVerb->ModalVerb is a StrictAuxiliaryVerb Strict Auxiliary Verb AuxiliaryVerb->StrictAuxiliaryVerb is a Copula Copula AuxiliaryVerb->Copula is a HaveAuxiliary Have Auxiliary StrictAuxiliaryVerb->HaveAuxiliary is a BeAuxiliary Be Auxiliary StrictAuxiliaryVerb->BeAuxiliary is a AspectMarkingAuxiliary Aspect Marking Auxiliary StrictAuxiliaryVerb->AspectMarkingAuxiliary is a TenseMarkingAuxiliary Tense Marking Auxiliary StrictAuxiliaryVerb->TenseMarkingAuxiliary is a SubjunctiveVerb Subjunctive Verb FiniteVerb->SubjunctiveVerb is a ConditionalVerb Conditional Verb FiniteVerb->ConditionalVerb is a ImperativeVerb Imperative Verb FiniteVerb->ImperativeVerb is a IndicativeVerb Indicative Verb FiniteVerb->IndicativeVerb is a AttributivePronoun Attributive Pronoun Determiner->AttributivePronoun is a EmphaticDeterminer Emphatic Determiner Determiner->EmphaticDeterminer is a IndefiniteDeterminer Indefinite Determiner Determiner->IndefiniteDeterminer is a ReflexiveDeterminer Reflexive Determiner Determiner->ReflexiveDeterminer is a PartitiveDeterminer Partitive Determiner Determiner->PartitiveDeterminer is a UniquitiveDeterminer Uniquitive Determiner Determiner->UniquitiveDeterminer is a WHDeterminer W H Determiner Determiner->WHDeterminer is a Article Article Determiner->Article is a DemonstrativeDeterminer Demonstrative Determiner AttributivePronoun->DemonstrativeDeterminer is a PossessiveDeterminer Possessive Determiner AttributivePronoun->PossessiveDeterminer is a Pronoun->CollectivePronoun is a Pronoun->PresentativePronoun is a Pronoun->AbbreviatedPronoun is a Pronoun->FusedPronounAuxiliary is a Pronoun->FusedPrepositionPronoun is a Pronoun->AttributivePronoun is a PossessivePronoun Possessive Pronoun Pronoun->PossessivePronoun is a DifferentialPronoun Differential Pronoun Pronoun->DifferentialPronoun is a DistributivePronoun Distributive Pronoun Pronoun->DistributivePronoun is a LocativePronoun Locative Pronoun Pronoun->LocativePronoun is a SubstitutivePronoun Substitutive Pronoun Pronoun->SubstitutivePronoun is a DemonstrativePronoun Demonstrative Pronoun Pronoun->DemonstrativePronoun is a ConditionalPronoun Conditional Pronoun Pronoun->ConditionalPronoun is a EmphaticPronoun Emphatic Pronoun Pronoun->EmphaticPronoun is a AllusivePronoun Allusive Pronoun Pronoun->AllusivePronoun is a IndefinitePronoun Indefinite Pronoun Pronoun->IndefinitePronoun is a WHPronoun W H Pronoun Pronoun->WHPronoun is a PersReflPronoun Pers Refl Pronoun Pronoun->PersReflPronoun is a Pronoun->ProQuantifier is a NegativeDeterminer Negative Determiner IndefiniteDeterminer->NegativeDeterminer is a PossessivePronoun->PossessiveDeterminer is a RelativePronoun Relative Pronoun InterrogativeDeterminer Interrogative Determiner WHDeterminer->InterrogativeDeterminer is a RelativeDeterminer Relative Determiner WHDeterminer->RelativeDeterminer is a ExclamatoryDeterminer Exclamatory Determiner WHDeterminer->ExclamatoryDeterminer is a QuestionWord Question Word PossessiveArticle Possessive Article Article->PossessiveArticle is a DefiniteArticle Definite Article Article->DefiniteArticle is a SpecificArticle Specific Article Article->SpecificArticle is a NonspecificArticle Nonspecific Article Article->NonspecificArticle is a PartitiveArticle Partitive Article Article->PartitiveArticle is a IndefiniteArticle Indefinite Article Article->IndefiniteArticle is a Article->FusedPrepArt is a FullDefiniteArticle Full Definite Article DefiniteArticle->FullDefiniteArticle is a DefiniteArticle->CliticDefiniteArticle is a ShortDefiniteArticle Short Definite Article DefiniteArticle->ShortDefiniteArticle is a SpecificArticle->CliticSpecificArticle is a NonspecificPronoun Nonspecific Pronoun ImpersonalPronoun Impersonal Pronoun IndefinitePronoun->NonspecificPronoun is a IndefinitePronoun->ImpersonalPronoun is a NegativePronoun Negative Pronoun IndefinitePronoun->NegativePronoun is a WHPronoun->RelativePronoun is a InterrogativePronoun Interrogative Pronoun WHPronoun->InterrogativePronoun is a ExclamatoryPronoun Exclamatory Pronoun WHPronoun->ExclamatoryPronoun is a ReflexivePronoun Reflexive Pronoun PersReflPronoun->ReflexivePronoun is a DeterminalPronoun Determinal Pronoun PersReflPronoun->DeterminalPronoun is a PersonalPronoun Personal Pronoun PersReflPronoun->PersonalPronoun is a ReciprocalPronoun Reciprocal Pronoun PersReflPronoun->ReciprocalPronoun is a ThirdPersonPronoun Third Person Pronoun PersReflPronoun->ThirdPersonPronoun is a SecondPersonPronoun Second Person Pronoun PersReflPronoun->SecondPersonPronoun is a FirstPersonPronoun First Person Pronoun PersReflPronoun->FirstPersonPronoun is a AffixedPersonalPronoun Affixed Personal Pronoun PersonalPronoun->AffixedPersonalPronoun is a WeakPersonalPronoun Weak Personal Pronoun PersonalPronoun->WeakPersonalPronoun is a StrongPersonalPronoun Strong Personal Pronoun PersonalPronoun->StrongPersonalPronoun is a PersonalPronoun->ZeroPronoun is a ExpletivePronoun Expletive Pronoun ExpletiveArgument Expletive Argument ExpletivePronoun->ExpletiveArgument is a ExpletiveCorrelate Expletive Correlate ExpletivePronoun->ExpletiveCorrelate is a StructuralExpletive Structural Expletive ExpletivePronoun->StructuralExpletive is a ThirdPersonPronoun->ExpletivePronoun is a Expletive->ExpletivePronoun is a PoliteSecondPersonPronoun Polite Second Person Pronoun SecondPersonPronoun->PoliteSecondPersonPronoun is a FamiliarSecondPersonPronoun Familiar Second Person Pronoun SecondPersonPronoun->FamiliarSecondPersonPronoun is a SentenceFinalPunctuation Sentence Final Punctuation MainPunctuation->SentenceFinalPunctuation is a ExclamativePoint Exclamative Point MainPunctuation->ExclamativePoint is a InterrogativePunctuation Interrogative Punctuation MainPunctuation->InterrogativePunctuation is a QuestionMark Question Mark SentenceFinalPunctuation->QuestionMark is a DeclarativePunctuation Declarative Punctuation SentenceFinalPunctuation->DeclarativePunctuation is a Point Point SentenceFinalPunctuation->Point is a ParentheticalPunctuation Parenthetical Punctuation RightParentheticalPunctuation Right Parenthetical Punctuation ParentheticalPunctuation->RightParentheticalPunctuation is a LeftParentheticalPunctuation Left Parenthetical Punctuation ParentheticalPunctuation->LeftParentheticalPunctuation is a SecondaryPunctuation->ParentheticalPunctuation is a SentenceMedialPunctuation Sentence Medial Punctuation SecondaryPunctuation->SentenceMedialPunctuation is a Quote Quote SecondaryPunctuation->Quote is a Slash Slash SecondaryPunctuation->Slash is a CloseBracket Close Bracket RightParentheticalPunctuation->CloseBracket is a CloseParenthesis Close Parenthesis RightParentheticalPunctuation->CloseParenthesis is a CloseCurlyBracket Close Curly Bracket RightParentheticalPunctuation->CloseCurlyBracket is a CloseAngleBracket Close Angle Bracket RightParentheticalPunctuation->CloseAngleBracket is a CloseSquareBracket Close Square Bracket RightParentheticalPunctuation->CloseSquareBracket is a OpenAngleBracket Open Angle Bracket LeftParentheticalPunctuation->OpenAngleBracket is a OpenSquareBracket Open Square Bracket LeftParentheticalPunctuation->OpenSquareBracket is a InvertedComma Inverted Comma LeftParentheticalPunctuation->InvertedComma is a InvertedQuestionMark Inverted Question Mark LeftParentheticalPunctuation->InvertedQuestionMark is a OpenCurlyBracket Open Curly Bracket LeftParentheticalPunctuation->OpenCurlyBracket is a OpenParenthesis Open Parenthesis LeftParentheticalPunctuation->OpenParenthesis is a OpenBracket Open Bracket LeftParentheticalPunctuation->OpenBracket is a Colon Colon SentenceMedialPunctuation->Colon is a Comma Comma SentenceMedialPunctuation->Comma is a SemiColon Semi Colon SentenceMedialPunctuation->SemiColon is a Hyphen Hyphen SentenceMedialPunctuation->Hyphen is a SuspensionPoints Suspension Points SentenceMedialPunctuation->SuspensionPoints is a CloseQuote Close Quote Quote->CloseQuote is a OpenQuote Open Quote Quote->OpenQuote is a Numeral->RomanNumeral is a Numeral->DigitNumeral is a Numeral->LetterNumeral is a NominalNumber Nominal Number Numeral->NominalNumber is a CardinalNumber Cardinal Number Numeral->CardinalNumber is a OrdinalNumber Ordinal Number Numeral->OrdinalNumber is a CollectiveNumeral Collective Numeral Numeral->CollectiveNumeral is a NumeralBoth Numeral Both Numeral->NumeralBoth is a Fraction Fraction Numeral->Fraction is a ApproximateNumeral Approximate Numeral Numeral->ApproximateNumeral is a InterrogativeQuantifier Interrogative Quantifier ProQuantifier->InterrogativeQuantifier is a IndefiniteQuantifier Indefinite Quantifier ProQuantifier->IndefiniteQuantifier is a RelativeQuantifier Relative Quantifier ProQuantifier->RelativeQuantifier is a DemonstrativeQuantifier Demonstrative Quantifier ProQuantifier->DemonstrativeQuantifier is a InterrogativeMultiplicativeQuantifier Interrogative Multiplicative Quantifier InterrogativeQuantifier->InterrogativeMultiplicativeQuantifier is a InterrogativeCardinalQuantifier Interrogative Cardinal Quantifier InterrogativeQuantifier->InterrogativeCardinalQuantifier is a IndefiniteMultiplicativeQuantifier Indefinite Multiplicative Quantifier IndefiniteQuantifier->IndefiniteMultiplicativeQuantifier is a IndefiniteCardinalQuantifier Indefinite Cardinal Quantifier IndefiniteQuantifier->IndefiniteCardinalQuantifier is a ParticipleAdjective->PastParticipleAdjective is a ParticipleAdjective->PresentParticipleAdjective is a Qualifier Qualifier Qualifier->QualifierAdjective is a DemonstrativeAdverb Demonstrative Adverb PronominalAdverb->DemonstrativeAdverb is a ExclamatoryAdverb Exclamatory Adverb WHTypeAdverbs->ExclamatoryAdverb is a InterrogativeAdverb Interrogative Adverb WHTypeAdverbs->InterrogativeAdverb is a RelativeAdverb Relative Adverb WHTypeAdverbs->RelativeAdverb is a Intensifier->EmphaticParticle is a ExclusiveEmphaticParticle Exclusive Emphatic Particle EmphaticParticle->ExclusiveEmphaticParticle is a InclusiveEmphaticParticle Inclusive Emphatic Particle EmphaticParticle->InclusiveEmphaticParticle is a ContrastiveEmphaticParticle Contrastive Emphatic Particle EmphaticParticle->ContrastiveEmphaticParticle is a Exclusive->ExclusiveEmphaticParticle is a FirstExclusive First Exclusive Exclusive->FirstExclusive is a Inclusive->InclusiveEmphaticParticle is a FirstInclusive First Inclusive Inclusive->FirstInclusive is a VerbalParticle->ModalityMarkingAdverb is a PredicativeMarker Predicative Marker VerbalParticle->PredicativeMarker is a TenseMarkingParticle Tense Marking Particle VerbalParticle->TenseMarkingParticle is a AspectParticle Aspect Particle VerbalParticle->AspectParticle is a VoiceParticle Voice Particle VerbalParticle->VoiceParticle is a SubjunctiveParticle Subjunctive Particle VerbalParticle->SubjunctiveParticle is a InfinitiveParticle Infinitive Particle VerbalParticle->InfinitiveParticle is a FutureParticle Future Particle TenseMarkingParticle->FutureParticle is a CoordinatingConjunction->olia_top_CoordTypeFeature hasCoordType CoordinatingConjunction->CoordinationParticle is a SimpleCoordinatingConjunction Simple Coordinating Conjunction CoordinatingConjunction->SimpleCoordinatingConjunction is a CorrelativeCoordinatingConjunction Correlative Coordinating Conjunction CoordinatingConjunction->CorrelativeCoordinatingConjunction is a NonInitialCoordinatingConjunction Non Initial Coordinating Conjunction CoordinatingConjunction->NonInitialCoordinatingConjunction is a InitialCoordinatingConjunction Initial Coordinating Conjunction CoordinatingConjunction->InitialCoordinatingConjunction is a RepetitiveCoordinatingConjunction Repetitive Coordinating Conjunction CoordinatingConjunction->RepetitiveCoordinatingConjunction is a SubordinatingConjunctionWithFiniteClause Subordinating Conjunction With Finite Clause SubordinatingConjunction->SubordinatingConjunctionWithFiniteClause is a SubordinatingConjunctionWithComparative Subordinating Conjunction With Comparative SubordinatingConjunction->SubordinatingConjunctionWithComparative is a SubordinatingConjunctionWithInfinite Subordinating Conjunction With Infinite SubordinatingConjunction->SubordinatingConjunctionWithInfinite is a SubordinatingConjunctionWithNegation Subordinating Conjunction With Negation SubordinatingConjunction->SubordinatingConjunctionWithNegation is a SubordinatingConjunctionWithoutNegation Subordinating Conjunction Without Negation SubordinatingConjunction->SubordinatingConjunctionWithoutNegation is a SubordinatingConjunction->ZeroComplementizer is a BrokenPlural Broken Plural Plural->BrokenPlural is a Conjugated Conjugated Inflected->Conjugated is a InflectedWithOvertMarker Inflected With Overt Marker Inflected->InflectedWithOvertMarker is a NonReflexive Non Reflexive olia_top_ReflexivityFeature->NonReflexive is a olia_top_ReflexivityFeature->Reflexive is a ReflexiveMiddle Reflexive Middle MiddleVoice->ReflexiveMiddle is a DeponentMiddle Deponent Middle MiddleVoice->DeponentMiddle is a ReciprocalMiddle Reciprocal Middle MiddleVoice->ReciprocalMiddle is a PlainMiddle Plain Middle MiddleVoice->PlainMiddle is a NucleonicMiddle Nucleonic Middle MiddleVoice->NucleonicMiddle is a PseudopassiveVoice Pseudopassive Voice PassiveVoice->PseudopassiveVoice is a ReflexivePassive Reflexive Passive PassiveVoice->ReflexivePassive is a PersonalPassive Personal Passive PassiveVoice->PersonalPassive is a AgentDeletionPassive Agent Deletion Passive PassiveVoice->AgentDeletionPassive is a InverseVoice Inverse Voice PassiveVoice->InverseVoice is a NonInversePassive Non Inverse Passive PassiveVoice->NonInversePassive is a ImpersonalPassive Impersonal Passive PassiveVoice->ImpersonalPassive is a LocativePassive Locative Passive PassiveVoice->LocativePassive is a NecessitativePassive Necessitative Passive PassiveVoice->NecessitativePassive is a ObliquePassive Oblique Passive PassiveVoice->ObliquePassive is a ProgressivePassive Progressive Passive PassiveVoice->ProgressivePassive is a Anticausative Anticausative ActiveVoice->Anticausative is a DirectVoice Direct Voice ActiveVoice->DirectVoice is a Causative Causative ActiveVoice->Causative is a AbsolutiveAntipassive Absolutive Antipassive Antipassive->AbsolutiveAntipassive is a ReferentialVoice Referential Voice Antipassive->ReferentialVoice is a FocusAntipassive Focus Antipassive Antipassive->FocusAntipassive is a NonabsolutiveAntipassive Nonabsolutive Antipassive Antipassive->NonabsolutiveAntipassive is a IncorporatingAntipassive Incorporating Antipassive Antipassive->IncorporatingAntipassive is a PromotionalInverseVoice Promotional Inverse Voice InverseVoice->PromotionalInverseVoice is a PragmaticInverseVoice Pragmatic Inverse Voice InverseVoice->PragmaticInverseVoice is a NonpromotionalInverseVoice Nonpromotional Inverse Voice InverseVoice->NonpromotionalInverseVoice is a SemanticInverseVoice Semantic Inverse Voice InverseVoice->SemanticInverseVoice is a VerbalHead Verbal Head Head->VerbalHead is a HeadOfNP Head Of N P Head->HeadOfNP is a NominalPredicate Nominal Predicate Predicate->NominalPredicate is a VerbalPredicate Verbal Predicate Predicate->VerbalPredicate is a Modifier->Qualifier is a RhetoricalModifier Rhetorical Modifier Modifier->RhetoricalModifier is a AdverbialModifier Adverbial Modifier Modifier->AdverbialModifier is a AdnominalConstituent Adnominal Constituent Modifier->AdnominalConstituent is a SyntacticSubject Syntactic Subject SyntacticArgument->SyntacticSubject is a SyntacticObject Syntactic Object SyntacticArgument->SyntacticObject is a TransitiveSubject Transitive Subject SyntacticSubject->TransitiveSubject is a IntransitiveSubject Intransitive Subject SyntacticSubject->IntransitiveSubject is a PrepositionalObject Prepositional Object SyntacticObject->PrepositionalObject is a IndirectObject Indirect Object SyntacticObject->IndirectObject is a DirectObject Direct Object SyntacticObject->DirectObject is a FacultativePrepositionalObject Facultative Prepositional Object PrepositionalObject->FacultativePrepositionalObject is a TransitiveObject Transitive Object DirectObject->TransitiveObject is a DitransitiveTheme Ditransitive Theme DirectObject->DitransitiveTheme is a PostNominalModifier Post Nominal Modifier AdnominalConstituent->PostNominalModifier is a PreNominalModifier Pre Nominal Modifier AdnominalConstituent->PreNominalModifier is a GenitiveAttribute Genitive Attribute AdnominalConstituent->GenitiveAttribute is a MeasureArgument Measure Argument AdnominalConstituent->MeasureArgument is a DemonstrativeModifier Demonstrative Modifier AdnominalConstituent->DemonstrativeModifier is a AdjectivalModifier Adjectival Modifier AdnominalConstituent->AdjectivalModifier is a NumeralModifier Numeral Modifier AdnominalConstituent->NumeralModifier is a PhysicalAbilitiveModality Physical Abilitive Modality AbilitativeModality->PhysicalAbilitiveModality is a MentalAbilitiveModality Mental Abilitive Modality AbilitativeModality->MentalAbilitiveModality is a AbilitativeModality->AbilitativeMood is a HortativeModality Hortative Modality ActionalModality->HortativeModality is a CommissiveModality Commissive Modality ActionalModality->CommissiveModality is a ImperativeModality Imperative Modality ActionalModality->ImperativeModality is a ImperativeModality->ImperativeMood is a RelativeModality->RelativeMood is a WeakObligativeModality Weak Obligative Modality ObligativeModality->WeakObligativeModality is a DebitiveModality->DebitiveMood is a CausalModality->CausalMood is a DeclarativeModality->DeclarativePunctuation is a DeclarativeModality->DeclarativeMood is a DeclarativeModality->IndicativeMood is a DeclarativeModality->DeclarativeSentence is a DubitiveModality->DubitiveMood is a QuotativeModality->QuotativeMood is a InterrogativeModality->Question is a OptativeModality->OptativeMood is a SubjunctiveModality->SubjunctiveMood is a TimitiveModality->TimitiveMood is a PresumptiveModality Presumptive Modality IrrealisModality->PresumptiveModality is a IrrealisModality->IrrealisMood is a PresumptiveModality->PresumptiveMood is a ConditionalRealisModality Conditional Realis Modality ConditionalModality->ConditionalRealisModality is a ConditionalIrrealisModality Conditional Irrealis Modality ConditionalModality->ConditionalIrrealisModality is a ConditionalRealisMood Conditional Realis Mood ConditionalRealisModality->ConditionalRealisMood is a ConditionalIrrealisMood Conditional Irrealis Mood ConditionalIrrealisModality->ConditionalIrrealisMood is a ConditionalMood->ConditionalRealisMood is a ConditionalMood->ConditionalIrrealisMood is a ThirdProximative Third Proximative Third->ThirdProximative is a ThirdObviative Third Obviative Third->ThirdObviative is a SecondPolite Second Polite Second->SecondPolite is a SecondHonorific Second Honorific Second->SecondHonorific is a SecondNonHonorific Second Non Honorific Second->SecondNonHonorific is a SecondFamiliar Second Familiar Second->SecondFamiliar is a First->FirstInclusive is a First->FirstExclusive is a VegetableGender Vegetable Gender InanimateGender->VegetableGender is a FuturePerfect Future Perfect RelativeTense->FuturePerfect is a RelativePast Relative Past RelativeTense->RelativePast is a RelativePresent Relative Present RelativeTense->RelativePresent is a Perfect Perfect AbsoluteTense->Perfect is a Present Present AbsoluteTense->Present is a Future Future AbsoluteTense->Future is a Past Past AbsoluteTense->Past is a CloseFuture Close Future AbsoluteTense->CloseFuture is a PreHodiernalPast Pre Hodiernal Past AbsoluteTense->PreHodiernalPast is a PastPerfectTense Past Perfect Tense AbsoluteRelativeTense->PastPerfectTense is a FutureInPast Future In Past AbsoluteRelativeTense->FutureInPast is a PluperfectTense Pluperfect Tense AbsoluteRelativeTense->PluperfectTense is a FutureInFuture Future In Future AbsoluteRelativeTense->FutureInFuture is a PastInFuture Past In Future AbsoluteRelativeTense->PastInFuture is a Transgressive Transgressive Present->Transgressive is a HodiernalFuture Hodiernal Future Future->HodiernalFuture is a PostHodiernalFuture Post Hodiernal Future Future->PostHodiernalFuture is a RemoteFuture Remote Future Future->RemoteFuture is a NearFuture Near Future Future->NearFuture is a SimpleFuture Simple Future Future->SimpleFuture is a ImmediateFuture Immediate Future Future->ImmediateFuture is a Aorist Aorist Past->Aorist is a RemotePast Remote Past Past->RemotePast is a HodiernalPast Hodiernal Past Past->HodiernalPast is a HesternalPast Hesternal Past Past->HesternalPast is a ImmediatePast Immediate Past Past->ImmediatePast is a StillPresent Still Present Past->StillPresent is a SimplePast Simple Past Past->SimplePast is a RecentPast Recent Past Past->RecentPast is a Imperfect Imperfect StillPresent->Imperfect is a ElativeDegree->ElativeNoun is a olia_top_DependencyRelation Dependency Relation (olia_top) olia_top_SyntacticRelation->olia_top_DependencyRelation is a olia_top_DominanceRelation Dominance Relation (olia_top) olia_top_SyntacticRelation->olia_top_DominanceRelation is a hasConjunct has Conjunct olia_top_SyntacticRelation->hasConjunct is a hasSentenceConjunct has Sentence Conjunct hasConjunct->hasSentenceConjunct is a hasWordConjunct has Word Conjunct hasConjunct->hasWordConjunct is a FiniteClause Finite Clause Clause->FiniteClause is a NonFiniteEmbeddedConstruction Non Finite Embedded Construction Clause->NonFiniteEmbeddedConstruction is a Apposition Apposition Adjunction->Apposition is a Extraposition->LeftDislocationField is a Topicalization Topicalization Fronting->Topicalization is a HangingTopic Hanging Topic Fronting->HangingTopic is a Fronting->InitialField is a Fronting->LeftDislocationField is a ForeignPhrase Foreign Phrase Phrase->ForeignPhrase is a DeterminerPhrase Determiner Phrase Phrase->DeterminerPhrase is a NounHeadedPhrase Noun Headed Phrase Phrase->NounHeadedPhrase is a VerbPhrase Verb Phrase Phrase->VerbPhrase is a AdverbPhrase Adverb Phrase Phrase->AdverbPhrase is a AdjectivePhrase Adjective Phrase Phrase->AdjectivePhrase is a Coordination Coordination Phrase->Coordination is a Phrase->ConjunctionPhrase is a SubordinateClause Subordinate Clause FiniteClause->SubordinateClause is a MainClause Main Clause FiniteClause->MainClause is a CoordinateClause Coordinate Clause FiniteClause->CoordinateClause is a SubordinateClause->WHCleft is a RelativeClause Relative Clause SubordinateClause->RelativeClause is a ReducedRelativeClause Reduced Relative Clause SubordinateClause->ReducedRelativeClause is a ConditionalClause Conditional Clause SubordinateClause->ConditionalClause is a AdverbialSubordinateClause Adverbial Subordinate Clause SubordinateClause->AdverbialSubordinateClause is a ComplementClause Complement Clause SubordinateClause->ComplementClause is a CosubordinateClause Cosubordinate Clause CoordinateClause->CosubordinateClause is a NominalizedVerb Nominalized Verb NonFiniteEmbeddedConstruction->NominalizedVerb is a EmbeddedParticiple Embedded Participle NonFiniteEmbeddedConstruction->EmbeddedParticiple is a EmbeddedInfinitive Embedded Infinitive NonFiniteEmbeddedConstruction->EmbeddedInfinitive is a NounPhrase Noun Phrase NounHeadedPhrase->NounPhrase is a PrepositionalPhrase Prepositional Phrase NounHeadedPhrase->PrepositionalPhrase is a WHNounPhrase W H Noun Phrase NounPhrase->WHNounPhrase is a FiniteVerbPhrase Finite Verb Phrase VerbPhrase->FiniteVerbPhrase is a NonfiniteVerbPhrase Nonfinite Verb Phrase VerbPhrase->NonfiniteVerbPhrase is a GerundVerbPhrase Gerund Verb Phrase NonfiniteVerbPhrase->GerundVerbPhrase is a InfinitiveVerbPhrase Infinitive Verb Phrase NonfiniteVerbPhrase->InfinitiveVerbPhrase is a WHAdverbPhrase W H Adverb Phrase AdverbPhrase->WHAdverbPhrase is a WHAdjectivePhrase W H Adjective Phrase AdjectivePhrase->WHAdjectivePhrase is a WHPrepositionalPhrase W H Prepositional Phrase PrepositionalPhrase->WHPrepositionalPhrase is a DirectQuestion Direct Question Question->DirectQuestion is a QuestionPredicate Question Predicate Question->QuestionPredicate is a YesNoQuestion Yes No Question DirectQuestion->YesNoQuestion is a DirectWHQuestion Direct W H Question DirectQuestion->DirectWHQuestion is a Lexeme Lexeme LexicalUnit->Lexeme is a Phraseme Phraseme FixedExpression Fixed Expression FixedExpression->Phraseme is a Collocation->FixedExpression is a Lexeme->QuestionWord is a Human Human Animate->Human is a PositionerRole Positioner Role ActorMacroRole->PositionerRole is a ForceRole Force Role ActorMacroRole->ForceRole is a AgentRole Agent Role ActorMacroRole->AgentRole is a PathRole Path Role DirectionRole->PathRole is a SourceRole Source Role DirectionRole->SourceRole is a TargetRole Target Role DirectionRole->TargetRole is a ExperiencerRole Experiencer Role UndergoerMacroRole->ExperiencerRole is a BenefactorRole Benefactor Role UndergoerMacroRole->BenefactorRole is a ProcessedRole Processed Role UndergoerMacroRole->ProcessedRole is a PatientRole Patient Role UndergoerMacroRole->PatientRole is a MalefactorRole Malefactor Role UndergoerMacroRole->MalefactorRole is a RecipientRole Recipient Role UndergoerMacroRole->RecipientRole is a RarelyUsed Rarely Used Possible->RarelyUsed is a CommonlyUsed Commonly Used Possible->CommonlyUsed is a InfrequentlyUsed Infrequently Used Possible->InfrequentlyUsed is a ContextualVariation Contextual Variation Possible->ContextualVariation is a TemporallyDefinedUsage Temporally Defined Usage Possible->TemporallyDefinedUsage is a GeographicalVariant Geographical Variant Possible->GeographicalVariant is a Honorific Honorific Possible->Honorific is a ModernUsage Modern Usage TemporallyDefinedUsage->ModernUsage is a OldUsage Old Usage TemporallyDefinedUsage->OldUsage is a

Properties - Overview

Classes

AbbreviatedPronoun G AbbreviatedPronoun Abbreviated Pronoun
Abstract Abbreviation/Syntactic_Type="pronominal" (Romanian), e.g., d-ta/dumneata, d-tale/dumitale, d-voastr?/dumneavoastr?, dv./dumneavoastr?, dvs./dumneavoastr? (http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#Pronominal)
SubClass Of
Abbreviation (abbreviation) G Abbreviation Abbreviation
Abstract Abbreviation (from Latin brevis "short") is strictly speaking a shorter form of a word, but more particularly, an abbreviation is a letter or group of letters, taken from a word or words, and employed to represent them for the sake of brevity. For example, the word "abbreviation" can be abbreviated as "abbr." or "abbrev." (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbreviation 19.09.06)
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
AbessiveCase G AbessiveCase Abessive Case
Abstract AbessiveCase expresses the lack or absence of the referent of the noun it marks. It has the meaning of the English preposition 'without' (Pei and Gaynor 1954: 3,35; Gove, et al. 1966: 3). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Abessive)
SubClass Of
AbilitativeModality G AbilitativeModality Abilitative Modality
Abstract modality expressed by AbilitativeMood: Abilitative is a mood that indicates ability, comparable to the use of "can" in English. (http://zbb.spinnwebe.com/viewtopic.php?f=7&t=34901)
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
AbilitativeMood G AbilitativeMood Abilitative Mood
Abstract Abilitative is a mood that indicates ability, comparable to the use of "can" in English. (http://zbb.spinnwebe.com/viewtopic.php?f=7&t=34901)
SubClass Of
AblativeCase G AblativeCase Ablative Case
Abstract Case used to indicate locative or instrumental function. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1224) AblativeCase expresses that the referent of the noun it marks is the location from which another referent is moving. It has the meaning 'from'. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Ablative)
SubClass Of
AbsoluteTense (absolute tense) G AbsoluteTense Absolute Tense
Abstract Absolute tense refers to a time in relation to the moment of utterance. (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#absoluteTense with reference to http://www.sil.org/linguistics/glossaryoflinguisticterms/whatisabsolutetense.htm")
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
AbsoluteRelativeTense (absolute-relative tense) G AbsoluteRelativeTense Absolute Relative Tense
Abstract Absolute-relative tense is a tense that (i) refers to a time in relation to a temporal reference point that, in turn, is referred to in relation to the moment of utterance (ii) in which the time and the reference point are not identical, and (iii) the reference point and the moment of utterance are not identical. (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#absoluteRelativeTense with reference to http://www.sil.org/linguistics/glossaryoflinguisticterms/whatisabsoluterelativetense.htm)
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
AbsolutiveAntipassive G AbsolutiveAntipassive Absolutive Antipassive
Abstract An Antipassive in which the P or logical object is suppressed or overtly absent. (Klaiman 1991:232) (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/AbsolutiveAntipassive)
SubClass Of
AbsolutiveCase G AbsolutiveCase Absolutive Case
Abstract Absolutive case marks the first argument of an intransitive verb and the second argument of a transitive verb in ergative-absolutive languages. (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#absolutiveCase)
SubClass Of
CessativeAspect (accomplished) G CessativeAspect Cessative Aspect
Abstract Aspect that expresses the cessation of an event or state. (SIL; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2001)
SubClass Of
Accusative G Accusative Accusative
Abstract In nominative-accusative languages, accusative case marks certain syntactic functions, usually direct objects. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/glossaryoflinguisticterms/WhatIsAccusativeCase.htm 17.11.06)
SubClass Of
Acronym G Acronym Acronym
Abstract An acronym is an abbreviation, such as NATO, laser, and ABC, written as the initial letter or letters of words, and pronounced on the basis of this abbreviated written form. Acronyms are used most often to abbreviate names of organizations and long or frequently referenced terms. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acronym 19.09.06)
SubClass Of
ActionalModality (actional force) G ActionalModality Actional Modality
Abstract ActionalForce indicates that the speaker or hearer is to undertake some action. Actional force subsumes Imperative, Commissive and Hortatory force.
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
ActiveVoice G ActiveVoice Active Voice
Abstract When the subject is the agent or actor of the verb, the verb is in the active voice. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_voice 17.11.06) Associated with transitivity, when the action is performed by an agent (subject) on another participant (object), or with intransitivity (McIntosh 1984:108). Refers to the category of underived verb forms associated with the basic diathesis: Diathesis=D0:(X=SUBabs/nom) (Y=DIROBacc) (Shibatani 1995:7) (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Active)
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
ActorMacroRole G ActorMacroRole Actor Macro Role
Abstract The most agentive semantic role of the current clause (van Valin and Lapolla 1997), designated subject (from a semantic point of view)
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
AddresseeRole G AddresseeRole Addressee Role
Abstract -VOC (vocative) ? marks nouns of address, regardless of their position in the sentence. It is not coindexed to the subject and does not get -TPC when it is sentence-initial. (SQ (NP-VOC Mike) , would (NP-SBJ you) (INTJ please) (VP close (NP the door)) ?) (Bies et al. 1995)
SubClass Of
AdessiveCase G AdessiveCase Adessive Case
Abstract AdessiveCase expresses that the referent of the noun it marks is the location near/at which another referent exists. It has the meaning of 'at' or 'near' (Crystal 1997: 8). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Adessive)
SubClass Of
AditiveCase (aditive case) G AditiveCase Aditive Case
Abstract Case expressing "to" in Basque studies. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1229)
SubClass Of
Adjective (adjectif) G Adjective Adjective
Abstract An Adjective is a noun-modifying expression that specifies the properties or attributes of the nominal referent. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAnAdjective.htm 18.9.06)
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
Adjectival G Adjectival Adjectival
Abstract In MULTEXT-East a characteristic of attributive pronouns and abbreviated adjectives, e.g., in Ukrainian e.g., ??????/= ?????-???/= ????-???/= ?????/= ??????-???/= ???-????/= ???-??????/= ?????/=, ?????????/?????? ??? ?? ??????/?????? ?????-??????/?????-??? ????-??????/????-??? ????????/????? ??????-??????/??????-??? ??????-????/???-???? ??????-??????/???-?????? ????????/?????, ?????????/?????? ?????-??????/?????-??? ????-??????/????-??? ????????/????? ??????-??????/??????-??? ??????-????/???-???? ??????-??????/???-?????? ????????/?????, ?????????/?????? ????????/?????? ???????/?????? ??? ?? ??????/?????? ??? ?? ?????/?????? ??? ?? ????/?????? ????? ?? ??????/?????-??? ????? ?? ?????/?????-??? ????? ?? ????/?????-??? ????-??????/????-??? ????-?????/????-??? ????-????/????-??? ???? ?? ??????/????-??? ???? ?? ?????/????-??? ???? ?? ????/????-??? ????????/????? ???????/????? ??????/????? ?? ?? ??????/????? ?? ?? ?????/?????, ?????????/?????? ????????/?????? ?????-??????/?????-??? ?????-?????/?????-??? ????-??????/????-??? ????-?????/????-??? ????????/????? ???????/????? ??????-??????/??????-??? ??????-?????/??????-??? ??????-????/???-???? ?????-????/???-???? ??????-??????/???-?????? ?????-??????/???-?????? ????????/????? ???????/?????, ?????????/?????? ????????/?????? ?????-??????/?????-??? ????-??????/????-??? ????-?????/????-??? ????????/????? ??????-??????/??????-??? ??????-????/???-???? ??????-??????/???-?????? ????????/?????, ??????/?????? ?????-???/?????-??? ????-???/????-??? ?????/????? ??????-???/??????-??? ???-????/???-???? ???-??????/???-?????? ?????/?????, ??????/?????? ?????-???/?????-??? ????-???/????-??? ?????/????? ??????-???/??????-??? ???-????/???-???? ???-??????/???-?????? ?????/?????, ??????/?????? ?????-???/?????-??? ????-???/????-??? ?????/????? ??????-???/??????-??? ???-????/???-???? ???-??????/???-?????? ?????/????? (http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#Adjectival)
SubClass Of
AdjectivalAdverb G AdjectivalAdverb Adjectival Adverb
Abstract An adjectival adverb is an adverb that is formally identical to an adjective.
MULTEXT-East Adverb/Type="adjectival" (Serbian, Macedonian, Bulgarian)
Bulgarian AdjectivalAdverbs have the same form as adjectives in Gender = neuter, Person = 3, Number = singular. (MTE v4, http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#AdjectivalAdverb)
SubClass Of
AdjectivalModifier G AdjectivalModifier Adjectival Modifier
Abstract A nominal is modified by an adjective. (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#adjectivalModifier)
SubClass Of
AdjectivalParticle G AdjectivalParticle Adjectival Particle
Abstract Particle that serves to form adjective phrases, e.g., Urdu s? (http://purl.org/olia/emille.owl#AdjectivalParticle)
SubClass Of
AdjectivePhrase G AdjectivePhrase Adjective Phrase
Abstract AdjectivePhrase is the class of phrases that have adjectives as heads. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/AdjectivePhrase)
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
Adjunction G Adjunction Adjunction
Abstract The term \adjunction structure" refers to structures which would be represented by tree diagrams of the general form in (@9). The de ning characteristic of adjunction structures is that a node X dominates another instance of X. (Santorini 1991)
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
AdjutativeVoice G AdjutativeVoice Adjutative Voice
Abstract voice for a construction where the subject of the verb is not an agent of the action denoted by the verb but is assisting an unstated agent in performing the action
SubClass Of
AdmonitiveModality G AdmonitiveModality Admonitive Modality
Abstract Expression of warning (Bybee 1985:22) (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#admonitiveModality)
SubClass Of
AdnominalConstituent (adnominal constituent) G AdnominalConstituent Adnominal Constituent
Abstract Each element in a construction is called adnominal that modifies a nominal, such as, all types of attributives, such as adjectives, possessives, prepositional attributes and relative clauses, such as the beautiful house; the neighbour?s house, the house at the sea, the house, that I want. (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#nominalModifier)
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
Adposition G Adposition Adposition
Abstract An adposition is a cover term for prepositions, postpositions and circumpositions. It expresses a grammatical and semantic relation to another unit within a clause. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAnAdposition.htm, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adposition 19.09.06) The majority of cases of adpositions we have to consider in European languages are prepositions. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node17.html#SECTION00062200000000000000 19.09.06)
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
Adverb (adverb) G Adverb Adverb
Abstract An adverb is a part of speech that serves to modify non-nominal parts of speech, i.e., verbs, adjectives (including numbers), clauses, sentences and other adverbs. Modifiers of nouns are primarily determiners and adjectives. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverbs 18.09.06)
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
Adverbial G Adverbial Adverbial
Abstract -ADV (adverbial) ? marks a constituent other than ADVP or PP when it is used adverbially (e.g., NPs or free (?headless?) relatives). However, constituents that themselves are modifying an ADVP generally do not get -ADV. (Bies et al. 1995)
SubClass Of
AdverbialModifier G AdverbialModifier Adverbial Modifier
Abstract An adverbial modifier modifies a verb. (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#adverbialModifier)
SubClass Of
AdverbialParticiple G AdverbialParticiple Adverbial Participle
Abstract Adverb/Type="participle" is used in the Slovene MTE v4 specs, e.g., 'le?e' / lying. Slovenian adverbial participles are, however, not attested for Resian. (MTE v4)(http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#AdverbialParticiple)
SubClass Of
AdverbialSubordinateClause G AdverbialSubordinateClause Adverbial Subordinate Clause
Abstract Subordinate clauses with adverbial function are annotated as ADV, e.g. "Tom sleeps when the sun rises." (Dipper et al. 2007, ?4.3.6)
SubClass Of
AdverbPhrase G AdverbPhrase Adverb Phrase
Abstract An adverb phrase may consist of an adverb, or a sequence of words in which an adverb is the head of the phrase. Adverb phrases may function as adverbials, as in 41: (41) [NP Her beautiful white hat NP] [VP was [ADVP very nearly ADVP] ruined VP] or as modifiers of adjectives, as in 42: (42) [NP Il NP] [VP parle [ADVP infiniment plus couramment ADVP] VP] or noun phrases, as in 43: (43) [NP They NP] [VP let [NP me NP] [VP speak VP] [ADVP now and then ADVP] VP] or as the complement of a preposition, as in 44: (44) [ADVP Strangely enough ADVP] , [NP we NP] [VP received [NP a reply NP] [NP the next day NP] VP] Other examples: (45) [NP The book NP] [VP is [ADVP right here ADVP] VP] (46) [ADVP Como [NP resultado [PP de [NP esa trama NP] PP] NP] ADVP] [VP no se lleva [PP a cabo PP] [NP ninguna acci?n NP] VP] (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/segsasg1/node35.html)
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
Affix (affix) G Affix Affix
Abstract Letter or group of letters which are added to a word to make a new word. (Sue Ellen Wright; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1234)
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
AffixedPersonalPronoun (affixed personal pronoun) G AffixedPersonalPronoun Affixed Personal Pronoun
Abstract Personnal pronoun that is affixed. (MIRACL & LSCA; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2221)
SubClass Of
AgentDeletionPassive G AgentDeletionPassive Agent Deletion Passive
Abstract The object of the active retains its old case-marking in the passive, the subject of the active cannot appear in the passive clause, and the passive tends to be semantically active. (Givon 1988:419) (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/AgentDeletionPassive)
SubClass Of
AgentiveVerb G AgentiveVerb Agentive Verb
Abstract An agentive verb marks the semantic role of agent or the doer of an action. Example: ? ? ?? ? ? ???? ?? Dorji-gi jele s?nu 'Dorji killed the cat' (http://panl10n.net/english/Outputs%20Phase%202/CCs/Bhutan/Papers/2007/0701/PartOfSpeech.pdf)
SubClass Of
AgentRole G AgentRole Agent Role
Abstract An agentive role is one in which the actor exerts some degree of will(-power) in the execution of the event. (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#agentRole)
SubClass Of
AllativeCase G AllativeCase Allative Case
Abstract AllativeCase expresses motion to or toward the referent of the noun it marks (Pei and Gaynor 1954: 6,9,216; Lyons 1968: 299; Crystal 1985: 1213; Gove, et al. 1966: 55,2359). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Allative)
SubClass Of
AllusivePronoun (allusive pronoun) G AllusivePronoun Allusive Pronoun
Abstract pronoun that have reference to something characterized by allusions. (MIRACL & LSCA; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2223) an invariable pronoun expressing a specific intention by means of unclear term (Khemakhem Aida, 2010-05-10 via isocat-morpho@loria.fr) examples from Arabic (Monica Monachini 2010-05-06 via isocat-morpho@loria.fr): "kam nahaituhu" (how often I forbade him, Hans Wehr), "baas Saar `amra `ashr isniin, gam (= kam) yriid paysikil" (He just turned ten, and here [how] he wants a bicycle, Georgetown University Iraqi Arabic-English Dictionary), "gam (= kam) yurguS imnil-faraH" ([how] he jumped for joy, Georgetown University Iraqi Arabic-English Dictionary)
SubClass Of
Animate (animate) G Animate Animate
Abstract Perceived as alive. (ISO12620; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1911)
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
AnimateGender G AnimateGender Animate Gender
Abstract One of the two grammatical genders, or classes of nouns, the other being inanimate. Membership in the animate grammatical class is largely based on meanings, in that living things, including humans, animals, spirits, trees, and most plants are included in the animate class of nouns (Valentine 2001: 114). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Animate)
SubClass Of
Anticausative G Anticausative Anticausative
Abstract An intransitive verb is derived from a basically transitive one with the direct object of the transitive verb corresponding to the subject of the intransitive. (Siewierska 1988:267) (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Anticausative)
SubClass Of
AntiCausativeVoice G AntiCausativeVoice Anti Causative Voice
Abstract An intransitive verb is derived from a basically transitive one with the direct object of the transitive verb corresponding to the subject of the intransitive [Siewierska 1988: 267].
SubClass Of
Antipassive G Antipassive Antipassive
Abstract Derives an intransitive verb from a transitive stem whereby the original agent (only) is cross-referrenced by the absolutive markers on the verb and the original patient, if it appears, is in an oblique phrase. (England 1983:110) (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Antipassive)
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
Aorist (aorist) G Aorist Aorist
Abstract Simple past tense that is predominantly used for narration. Both the perfective and the imperfective forms can be used in the aorist without any restrictions. (www.helsinki.fi/~bontchev/grammar/index.html; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1240)
SubClass Of
Apocope (apocopate) G Apocope Apocope
Abstract deletion of the final element in a word (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2254)
SubClass Of
ApplicativeVoice G ApplicativeVoice Applicative Voice
Abstract voice which promotes an oblique argument of a verb to the core patient argument and indicates the oblique role within the meaning of the verb
SubClass Of
Apposition G Apposition Apposition
Abstract Apposition is a relation between two phrases: (1) the nucleus phrase and (2) an appositive phrase, generally set o by punctuation, which modi es the nucleus phrase. An example of apposition is given in (@11). (11) Ryukichi Imai, Japan?s ambassador to Mexico, agrees that Mexico may be too eager. Here, Ryukichi Imai is the nucleus phrase, and the phrase enclosed in commas, Japan?s ambassador to Mexico, is the appositive. Instances of apposition should be represented as adjunction structures (see Section 3.1). (Santorini 1991)
SubClass Of
ApproximateNumeral G ApproximateNumeral Approximate Numeral
Abstract Bulgarian has Numeral/Form=approx(a), used for approximate numerals (???????? /about a ten/, ??????? /about a hundred/) (Dimitrova et al. 2009, http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#ApproximateNumeral)
SubClass Of
Article G Article Article
Abstract An article is a member of a small class of determiners that identify a noun's definite or indefinite reference, and the new or given status. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAnArticle.htm 02.05.07)
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
AspectMarkingAuxiliary G AspectMarkingAuxiliary Aspect Marking Auxiliary
Abstract An auxiliary that marks exclusively aspect, e.g., in Urdu: Auxiliaries: Based on the syntactic nature of Urdu, auxiliaries are divided into two categories. Aspectual auxiliaries always occur after main verb of the sentence. Tense auxiliaries are used to show the time of the action. They occurred at the end of the verb phrase (Sajjad 2007). E.g., Urdu rah?, an auxiliary element is used to mark the durative aspect. (Hardie 2004, http://purl.org/olia/emille.owl#RahaAuxiliary)
SubClass Of
AspectParticle G AspectParticle Aspect Particle
Abstract In the Romanian MULTEXT-East scheme, a verbal particle with Particle/Type="aspect" modifies the verbs and carries information on the verb form, i.e., on its aspect (Dan Tufis, email 2010/06/09, http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#AspectParticle)
SubClass Of
AspirationalVerb G AspirationalVerb Aspirational Verb
Abstract It is a verb, which indicates a strong desire to achieve something, without the doer. ???? ? ?? ? ???? ?? dag-pai zhing-lu kewa sh? 'May i be born in pure land' (http://panl10n.net/english/Outputs%20Phase%202/CCs/Bhutan/Papers/2007/0701/PartOfSpeech.pdf)
SubClass Of
Atransitive G Atransitive Atransitive
Abstract A predicate/verb that takes no argument. English "to rain" is semantically atransitive, hence, an expletive is to be used in "it's raining", cf. van Valin and Lapolla (1997).
SubClass Of
AttributiveAdjective G AttributiveAdjective Attributive Adjective
Abstract An attributive adjective is an adjective that qualifies or modifies a noun and that precedes the noun, e.g."a delicious apple", "a short letter". (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjective 18.09.06)
SubClass Of
AttributivePronoun G AttributivePronoun Attributive Pronoun
Abstract An attributive pronoun is a pronoun that modifies an NP.
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
Augmentative G Augmentative Augmentative
Abstract A special form of a noun that signals that the object being referred to is large relative to the usual size of such an object [Crystal 1980: 34].
SubClass Of
AuxiliaryVerb (auxiliary verb) G AuxiliaryVerb Auxiliary Verb
Abstract An auxiliary verb is a verb which accompanies the lexical verb of a verb phrase, and expresses grammatical distinctions not carried by the lexical verb, such as person, number, tense aspect, and voice. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAnAuxiliaryVerb.htm 19.09.06) Besides modal verbs ("semiauxiliary") and "strict" auxiliary verbs, also copulas are classified under auxiliary verbs here, as this is a praxis applied in practically every EAGLES-conformant morphosyntactic annotation scheme. Part of speech referring to the set of verbs, subordinate to the main lexical verb which help to make distinction in mood, aspect, voice etc. (Crystal 2003; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1244)
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
AversiveCase G AversiveCase Aversive Case
Abstract AversiveCase expresses fear or is literally translated as 'turning from' in some languages [Blake 2001: 156].
SubClass Of
BaseForm G BaseForm Base Form
Abstract Strong inflection is a characteristic of lexemes, not individual tokens. In traditional English tagsets, e.g., SUSANNE or the PennTreeBank tagset, surface ambiguities are normally not resolved. Uninflected forms and forms that have the same form (e.g., "be" as an imperative) are tagged as BaseForm. (Ch. Chiarcos) Since it is impractical (...) to resolve automatically the ambiguity of these six morphological functions, it is a common practice to assign a single value to the base form, or else to assign two values, one for the finite and one for the non-finite functions. Because of this, the tables below show two tagsets: one tagset representing the 6 attribute-values above, and a reduced tagset (`RTags'), which resembles most tagsets so far used for the English language in reducing the six values to two. http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/morphsyn/node150.html#SECTION00054000000000000000 BaseForm is not a characteristic of lexemes, but specific to certain forms in a complex paradigm.
SubClass Of
BeAuxiliary (be) G BeAuxiliary Be Auxiliary
Abstract Verb used to link the subject of a sentence and its noun or adjective complement or complementing phrase in certain languages. This verb could be used also to form the passive voice. (www.wordreference.com/English/definition.asp?en=be -> 4); http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1246)
SubClass Of
BenchLevelRegister (bench-level register) G BenchLevelRegister Bench Level Register
Abstract Register of terms used in applications-oriented as opposed to theoretical or academic levels of language. (ISO12620; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1989)
SubClass Of
BenefactiveCase G BenefactiveCase Benefactive Case
Abstract BenefactiveCase expresses that the referent of the noun it marks receives the benefit of the situation expressed by the clause (Crystal 1980: 43; Gove, et al. 1966: 203). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Benefactive)
SubClass Of
BenefactorRole G BenefactorRole Benefactor Role
Abstract A beneficiary (benefactor) instantiates the role of an entity (usually animate) who stands to benefit in some way from the event. Prototypically ?benefit? here means ?to do or be good to, to be of advantage or profit to; to improve, help forward? in some way. (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#beneficiaryRole)
SubClass Of
BoundClitic (bound) G BoundClitic Bound Clitic
Abstract Linked to a particular element. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1933)
SubClass Of
BrokenPlural (broken plural) G BrokenPlural Broken Plural
Abstract Internal plural that do not have any inflection. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2218)
SubClass Of
Bullet (bullet) G Bullet Bullet
Abstract Sign used to mark an item in a list. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1438)
SubClass Of
CardinalNumber G CardinalNumber Cardinal Number
Abstract A cardinal numeral is a numeral of the class whose members are considered basic in form, used in counting, and used in expressing how many objects are referred to. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsACardinalNumeral.htm 19.09.06)
SubClass Of
CaseMarker G CaseMarker Case Marker
SubClass Of
EpistemicNecessityModality (categorical modality) G EpistemicNecessityModality Epistemic Necessity Modality
Abstract EpistemicNecessityModality indicates that the expressed proposition is known to be true. Also known as CategoricalModality [Palmer 2001: 37, 68-69].
SubClass Of
CausalAdverb G CausalAdverb Causal Adverb
Abstract Adverb/Type="causal" is used in the Hungarian MTE v4, but no examples are provided. (http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#CausalAdverb)
SubClass Of
CausalModality G CausalModality Causal Modality
Abstract In Inuktitut, causality is expressed by verbal inflection. Causal mood signifies causal relationships in a sentence. (Nowak 1996, p.39) Elke Nowak (1996), Transforming the images: Ergativity and transitivity in Inuktitut (Eskimo). Walter de Gruyter, Berlin.
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
CausalMood G CausalMood Causal Mood
Abstract In Inuktitut, causality is expressed by verbal inflection. Causal mood signifies causal relationships in a sentence. (Nowak 1996, p.39) Elke Nowak (1996), Transforming the images: Ergativity and transitivity in Inuktitut (Eskimo). Walter de Gruyter, Berlin.
SubClass Of
Causative G Causative Causative
Abstract Expressing the causation of an action. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Causative)
SubClass Of
CausativeCase (causative case) G CausativeCase Causative Case
Abstract Case which expresses that the referent of the noun it marks is the cause of the situation expressed by the clause. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1253)
SubClass Of
CausativeVoice G CausativeVoice Causative Voice
Abstract voice where the subject causes someone or something else to do or be something
SubClass Of
CauseRole G CauseRole Cause Role
Abstract Cause indicates the reason why something happens and is often expressed by a PP (because of, with, through etc.). Sometimes this role is close to the role of Instrument. The criterion for the choice of tag CAUSE is if the expression can be paraphrased through a clausal subordinate clause. (Dipper et al. 2007, 5.3.10)
SubClass Of
Character G Character Character
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
CharacteristicAdjective G CharacteristicAdjective Characteristic Adjective
Abstract It is an adjective, which expresses the character and feature of subject or an object, while modifying a noun. ??? ? ? ? ? ?? Shing-di rim du 'The tree is tall' (http://panl10n.net/english/Outputs%20Phase%202/CCs/Bhutan/Papers/2007/0701/PartOfSpeech.pdf)
SubClass Of
Circumposition G Circumposition Circumposition
Abstract A circumposition is an adposition with a part before the noun phrase and a part after. It is much less common than prepositions or postpositions. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumposition 19.09.06)
SubClass Of
CircumstantialVoice G CircumstantialVoice Circumstantial Voice
Abstract voice that promotes an oblique argument of a verb to the role of subject
SubClass Of
Classifier G Classifier Classifier
Abstract A classifier is a word or affix that expresses the classification of a noun. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAClassifier.htm 19.09.06) Classifiers are a very typical feature of sign languages. In some Asian languages, classifiers are used as particles to combine a noun with a numeral, e.g. chin. _san ge ren_ 'three pieces of people', 'three people' (Bu?mann 2002, under Klassifikator) Bharati et al. (2006, for Indian languages) group Classifiers together with Quantifiers and Numerals, but they do not provide a detailed characterization of this class. Akshar Bharati, Dipti Misra Sharma, Lakshmi Bai, Rajeev Sangal (2006), AnnCorra : Annotating Corpora. Guidelines For POS And Chunk Annotation For Indian Languages, Tech. Rep., L anguage Technologies Research Centre IIIT, Hyderabad, version of 15-12-2006, http://ltrc.iiit.ac.in/tr031/posguidelines.pdf
SubClass Of
Clause G Clause Clause
Abstract Clause is the class of constructions that form minimal sentential units. They must include a predicate, all arguments of the predicate, and all modifiers of the predicate and the arguments. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Clause)
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
CliticDefiniteArticle (clitic definite article) G CliticDefiniteArticle Clitic Definite Article
Abstract clitic definite determiner, e.g., in Macedonian, Bulgarian, and Romanian (http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#CliticDeterminerType)
SubClass Of
CliticSpecificArticle (clitic specific article) G CliticSpecificArticle Clitic Specific Article
Abstract Persian does have an article, but it marks specificity rather than definiteness. The Persian article is similar to the Balkan one (a clitic of pronominal origin that's written together with the word), except that it isn't exactly definite (you can even see it described as an indefinite article). (Ivan A. Derzhanski, p.c. 2010/06/18)
SubClass Of
Cliticization (cliticization) G Cliticization Cliticization
Abstract In morphosyntax, cliticization is a process by which a complex word is formed by attaching a clitic to a fully inflected word. Exsmple: In Je t'aime, t' is the clitic attached to aime. (http://www.glottopedia.de/index.php/Cliticization) Note that cliticization can also be understood as the process of an independent word developing into a clitic. This is not the meaning intended here, as the OLiA ontologies are currently not applied to the description of diachronic processes. (Chiarcos)
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
Clitic (cliticness) G Clitic Clitic
Abstract Categorization of the different types of clitics (MultText-East; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1903)
SubClass Of
CliticElement (cliticness) G CliticElement Clitic Element
Abstract Note that Clitic covers only one aspect of the original MULTEXT-East (and ISOcat) definitions of cliticness, i.e., that an element is a clitic
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
CloseBracket (close bracket) G CloseBracket Close Bracket
Abstract Punctuation that is graphically represented by ] (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2083)
SubClass Of
CloseCurlyBracket (close curly bracket) G CloseCurlyBracket Close Curly Bracket
Abstract Punctuation that is graphically represented by } (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2085)
SubClass Of
CloseParenthesis (close parenthesis) G CloseParenthesis Close Parenthesis
Abstract End of a parenthesis pair. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1440)
SubClass Of
CloseAngleBracket G CloseAngleBracket Close Angle Bracket
Abstract > *RAB* Right angle bracket (Santorini 1991)
SubClass Of
CloseFuture G CloseFuture Close Future
Abstract Adopted from GOLD. No definition given.
SubClass Of
CloseQuote G CloseQuote Close Quote
Abstract quotation mark, closing
SubClass Of
CloseSquareBracket G CloseSquareBracket Close Square Bracket
Abstract ] *RSB* Right square bracket (Santorini 1991)
SubClass Of
Collective (collective) G Collective Collective
Abstract A collective number is a number referring to 'a set of things'. Languages that have this feature can use it to get a phrase like 'flock of sheeps' by using 'sheep' in collective number. (en2.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_number; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1254)
SubClass Of
CollectiveNumeral G CollectiveNumeral Collective Numeral
Abstract Numeral/Type="collect" (Romanian)
In traditional Romanian grammars, expressions like am?ndoi "both", to?i trei "all three" are referred to as collective numerals. (MTE v4, http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#CollectiveNumeral)
SubClass Of
CollectivePronoun G CollectivePronoun Collective Pronoun
Abstract A pronoun that refers to all elements of a set.
SubClass Of
Collocation (collocation) G Collocation Collocation
Abstract A collocation is any habitually linked group of words - a kind of lexical partnership, e.g. 'fish and chips', 'salt and pepper', 'don't mention it', 'it's nothing...', 'Oh well!', 'bangers and mash'... and so on. Many idioms or idiomatic phrases exhibit collocation, e.g. in a jiffy. (http://www.englishbiz.co.uk/grammar/main_files/definitionsa-m.htm)
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
Colon (colon) G Colon Colon
Abstract Sign with two vertical points that is used in writing and printing to introduce an explanation, example or quotation. (Gil Francopoulo; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1439)
SubClass Of
ComitativeCase G ComitativeCase Comitative Case
Abstract ComitativeCase expresses accompaniment. It carries the meaning 'with' or 'accompanied by' (Anderson, Stephen 1985: 186; Pei and Gaynor 1954: 42;Dixon, R. 1972: 12; Gove, et al. 1966: 455). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Comitative)
SubClass Of
ComitativeRole G ComitativeRole Comitative Role
Abstract Comitative carries the meaning 'with' or 'accompanied by' (Anderson, Stephen 1985: 186; Pei and Gaynor 1954: 42;Dixon, R. 1972: 12; Gove, et al. 1966: 455). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Comitative) Comitative applies to an animate entity that accompanies a participant of the action. (Dipper et al. 2007, ?5.3.12)
SubClass Of
Comma (comma) G Comma Comma
Abstract Mark (,) used in writing to show a short pause or to separate items in a list. (Longman DCE 2005; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1448)
SubClass Of
CommissiveModality (commissive force) G CommissiveModality Commissive Modality
Abstract CommissiveForce indicates that the speaker promises or threatens to perform some action [Palmer 2001: 10, 72].
SubClass Of
CommonGender G CommonGender Common Gender
Abstract Common is an optional attribute for nouns in EAGLES. The Common gender contrasts with Neuter in a two-gender system e.g. Danish, Dutch. This value is also used for articles, pronouns and determiners especially for Danish. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node19.html#oav2at 17.11.06)
SubClass Of
CommonlyUsed (commonly used) G CommonlyUsed Commonly Used
Abstract Said of a term that appears frequently. (ISO12620; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1984)
SubClass Of
CommonNoun G CommonNoun Common Noun
Abstract A common noun is a noun that signifies a non-specific member of a group. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsACommonNoun.htm 19.09.06)
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
Comparative G Comparative Comparative
Abstract The comparative is the form of an adjective or adverb which denotes the degree or grade by which a person, thing, or other entity has a property or quality greater or less in extent than that of another. In English the structure of a comparative consists normally of the positive form of the adjective or adverb, plus the suffix -er, or (especially in the case of longer words) the modifier "more" (or "less") before the adjective or adverb. The form is usually completed by "than" and the noun which is being compared, e.g. "he is taller than his father is", or "the village is less picturesque than the town near by is". (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative 17.11.06)
SubClass Of
ComparativeParticle (comparative particle) G ComparativeParticle Comparative Particle
Abstract Particle used to compare. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1922)
SubClass Of
ComplementClause G ComplementClause Complement Clause
Abstract In noun phrases like the fact that she is late, the subordinate clause that she is late is a complement of the noun fact and should not be confused with a relative clause. (Note that the embedded clause she is late is not missing a constituent; by contrast, in a relative clause construction like the TV that she bought the other day, the clause that she bought the other day is incomplete.) The entire noun phrase should be bracketed as a sister of the head noun. (NP the fact (SBAR that (S (NP she) (VP is (ADJP late))))) (Santorini 1991)
SubClass Of
ComplementizerField G ComplementizerField Complementizer Field
Abstract The C-Feld occurs in verb-final clauses in German (exception: the conjunction als in subordinated sentences of comparison als w?are es nie geschehen.). It is obligatorily occupied in finite verb-final clauses if there is no conjunction in the Linke Klammer. In non-finite verb-final clauses the C-position may be empty. This field can be occupied by conjunctions of sentential objects (e.g. da?, ob) or sentence initial conjunctions like um, obwohl, wenn and also by complex interrogative or relative phrases, e.g. ..., ?um wieviel Geld? geht es dabei? / ..., ?an der? Max Daniel Professor f?ur Klavier ist. (Telljohann et al. 2009, p.17)
SubClass Of
CompletiveAspect (completive) G CompletiveAspect Completive Aspect
Abstract To do something thoroughly and to completion.
SubClass Of
Composition G Composition Composition
Abstract In linguistics, a compound is a lexeme (less precisely, a word) that consists of more than one stem. Compounding or composition is the word formation that creates compound lexemes (the other word-formation process being derivation). Compounding or Word-compounding refers to the faculty and device of language to form new words by combining or putting together old words. In other words, compound, compounding or word-compounding occurs when a person attaches two or more words together to make them one word. The meanings of the words interrelate in such a way that a new meaning comes out which is very different from the meanings of the words in isolation. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_%28linguistics%29)
SubClass Of
CompoundPreposition (compound preposition) G CompoundPreposition Compound Preposition
Abstract Preposition that is a aggregation of words (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1934)
SubClass Of
ConditionalModality (conditional) G ConditionalModality Conditional Modality
Abstract In Inuktitut, conditionality is expressed by verbal inflection. Conditional mood signifies conditional relationships in a sentence. (Nowak 1996, p.39) A conditional relation is a logical relation in which the illocutionary act employing one of a pair of propositions is expressed or implied to be true or in force if the other proposition is true. (www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAConditionalRelation.htm; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1258) Elke Nowak (1996), Transforming the images: Ergativity and transitivity in Inuktitut (Eskimo). Walter de Gruyter, Berlin.
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
ConditionalMood (conditional) G ConditionalMood Conditional Mood
Abstract In Inuktitut, conditionality is expressed by verbal inflection. Conditional mood signifies conditional relationships in a sentence. (Nowak 1996, p.39) A conditional relation is a logical relation in which the illocutionary act employing one of a pair of propositions is expressed or implied to be true or in force if the other proposition is true. (www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAConditionalRelation.htm; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1258) Elke Nowak (1996), Transforming the images: Ergativity and transitivity in Inuktitut (Eskimo). Walter de Gruyter, Berlin.
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
ConditionalParticle (conditional particule) G ConditionalParticle Conditional Particle
Abstract conditional particule (MIRACL & LSCA; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2230)
SubClass Of
ConditionalPronoun (conditional pronoun) G ConditionalPronoun Conditional Pronoun
Abstract conditional pronoun (MIRACL & LSCA; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2222)
SubClass Of
ConditionalClause G ConditionalClause Conditional Clause
Abstract Conditional clauses refer to a hypothetical situation, in English they are introduced by 'if' or 'unless'. (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#conditionalClause)
SubClass Of
ConditionalIrrealisModality G ConditionalIrrealisModality Conditional Irrealis Modality
Abstract Conditional Mood (modality) with Irrealis meaning (ILPOSTS)
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
ConditionalIrrealisMood G ConditionalIrrealisMood Conditional Irrealis Mood
Abstract Conditional Mood (modality) with Irrealis meaning (ILPOSTS)
SubClass Of
ConditionalParticiple G ConditionalParticiple Conditional Participle
Abstract e.g. Bengali ????? (bujhle) from ???? (bojha) "to understand" (http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9D%E0%A6%BE)
SubClass Of
ConditionalRealisModality G ConditionalRealisModality Conditional Realis Modality
Abstract Conditional Mood (modality) with Realis meaning (ILPOSTS)
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
ConditionalRealisMood G ConditionalRealisMood Conditional Realis Mood
Abstract Conditional Mood (modality) with Realis meaning (ILPOSTS)
SubClass Of
ConditionalVerb G ConditionalVerb Conditional Verb
Abstract A conditional verb is a verb form in many languages. It is used to express degrees of certainty or uncertainty and hypothesis about past, present, or future. Such forms often occur in conditional sentences. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conditional_mood 19.09.06)
SubClass Of
ConditionRole G ConditionRole Condition Role
Abstract Adverbial that denotes a condition. (Petrova and Odebrecht 2011)
SubClass Of
Conjugated (conjugated) G Conjugated Conjugated
Abstract Property of a verbal form when inflected (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2207)
SubClass Of
Conjunct G Conjunct Conjunct
Abstract TIGER edge label CJ
SubClass Of
Conjunction (conjunction) G Conjunction Conjunction
Abstract A conjunction is a word that syntactically links words or larger constituents, and expresses a semantic relationship between them. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAConjunction.htm 19.09.06)
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
ConjunctionPhrase G ConjunctionPhrase Conjunction Phrase
Abstract Multi-word conjunction Besides the usual and, or, but, etc., certain prepositions and subordinating conjunctions can be used as coordinating conjunctions. Multi-word coordinating conjunctions are labeled CONJP (see section 7 [Coordination]). ... CONJP ? Conjunction Phrase. Used to mark certain ?multi-word? conjunctions, such as as well as, instead of. (Bies et al. 1995)
SubClass Of
ContablativeCase G ContablativeCase Contablative Case
Abstract ContablativeCase expresses that the referent of the noun it marks is the location from near which another referent is moving. It has the meaning 'from near'. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Contablative)
SubClass Of
ContallativeCase G ContallativeCase Contallative Case
Abstract ContallativeCase expresses that something is moving toward the vicinity of the referent of the noun it marks. It has the meaning 'towards the vicinity of'. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Contallative)
SubClass Of
ConterminativeCase G ConterminativeCase Conterminative Case
Abstract ConterminativeCase expresses the notion of something moving into the vicinity of the referent of the noun it marks, but not through that region. It has the meaning 'moving into the vicinity of'. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Conterminative)
SubClass Of
ContextualVariation G ContextualVariation Contextual Variation
Abstract Variation on a particular usage or immediate proximity of words.
SubClass Of
ContinuousAspect G ContinuousAspect Continuous Aspect
Abstract Similar to progressive, however an aspect is continuous versus progressive when it is anchored to non-punctual time reference (Salaberry 2002:264). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Continuous)
SubClass Of
ContlativeCase G ContlativeCase Contlative Case
Abstract ContlativeCase expresses that the referent of the noun it marks is the location in the vicinity of which another referent is moving. It has the meaning 'in the vicinity of'. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Contlative)
SubClass Of
Contraction G Contraction Contraction
Abstract no definition given
SubClass Of
ContrastiveEmphaticParticle G ContrastiveEmphaticParticle Contrastive Emphatic Particle
SubClass Of
ContrastiveParticle G ContrastiveParticle Contrastive Particle
Abstract Contrastive particle, e.g., (one of the uses of) Urdu t?: vo urd? parh? g? "He will study Urdu." (simple statement) vo t? urd? parh? g? "HE will study Urdu." (Contrast: the other students may not.) (Schmidt 1999, p. 232, see http://purl.org/olia/emille.owl#ContrastiveEmphaticParticle)
SubClass Of
CoordinateClause G CoordinateClause Coordinate Clause
Abstract A coordinate clause is a clause belonging to a series of two or more clauses which are not syntactically dependent on one another, and are joined by means of a coordinate conjunction, a connective or parataxis. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/glossaryoflinguisticterms/WhatIsACoordinateClause.htm).
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
CoordinatingConjunction G CoordinatingConjunction Coordinating Conjunction olia_top_CoordTypeFeature Coord Type Feature (olia_top) CoordinatingConjunction->olia_top_CoordTypeFeature hasCoordType
Abstract Coordinating conjunctions, also called coordinators, are conjunctions that join two items of equal syntactic importance. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_conjunction 19.09.06)
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
Coordination G Coordination Coordination
Abstract As has already been shown in some of the preceding examples, the issue of coordination necessarily arises: how is coordination to be represented in terms of constituency? Different approaches have been taken, and in the example analyses given in this document, we have chosen to take a traditional approach, showing the coordinated constituents at the same level, with the conjunction between them (see also 47 and 48): (51) [NP [NP John NP] and [NP Mary NP] NP] (52) She went [PP [PP to the library PP] or [PP to the cafeteria PP] PP] (53) He works [ADVP [ADVP very slowly ADVP] but [ADVP very meticulously ADVP] ADVP] However, in practice, in an automated parsing system, this is not an easy differentiation to make, and in some existing schemes, a slightly less satisfactory solution has been found, viz. analysing coordination in a similar fashion to subordination. Most constituents (both phrases and clauses) can be coordinated, but the extent to which this is possible will differ across languages. The conjuncts may be marked as such by separate descriptors: NPtex2html_wrap_inline4084 etc. However, there are many occasions where the conjuncts are not of the same formal category, or where they do not correspond to an entire phrasal or clausal constituent. There is much to be said, in these cases, or perhaps for all cases of coordination, for the use of a generalised label applied to all coordinate constituents or conjuncts, e.g. the label CO used in the TOSCA system. We do not offer a definitive solution for the annotation of coordination, and the many variants of coordination will not be considered further in this report. See Sampson (1995: 310f) for a detailed treatment. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/segsasg1/node37.html)
SubClass Of
CoordinationParticle (coordination particle) G CoordinationParticle Coordination Particle
Abstract particle for coordination (MIRACL & LSCA; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2227)
SubClass Of
CoordinatorField G CoordinatorField Coordinator Field
Abstract The KOORD-field is the field for coordinating particles in the German clause. In contrast to the PARORD-field, it can optionally occur as the left-most element of all clause types. (Telljohann et al. 2009, p.17)
SubClass Of
Copula (copula) G Copula Copula
Abstract A copula is an intransitivity verb which links a subject to a noun phrase, an adjective or an other constituent which expresses the predicate. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsACopula.htm 19.09.06)
SubClass Of
Correlative G Correlative Correlative
Abstract When the same word is also placed before the first conjunct, as in French "ou...ou...", the former occurrence is given the Correlative value and the latter the Simple value. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node18.html#oav1av 17.11.06)
SubClass Of
CorrelativeCoordinatingConjunction G CorrelativeCoordinatingConjunction Correlative Coordinating Conjunction
Abstract Conjunction/Coord_Type="correlat" (Romanian). In Romanian, there are three kinds of conjunctions depending on their usage: as such or together with other conjunctions or adverbs: (1) simple, between conjuncts: Ion ori Maria (John or Mary); (2) repetitive, before each conjunct: fie Ion fie Maria fie... (either John or Mary or...) (3) correlative, before a conjoined phrase, it requires specific coordinators between conjuncts: at?t mama c?t ?i tata (both mother and father). (MTE v4, http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#CorrelativeCoordinatingConjunction)
SubClass Of
CosubordinateClause G CosubordinateClause Cosubordinate Clause
SubClass Of
Countable G Countable Countable
Abstract A countable noun (also count noun) is a noun which can be modified by a numeral and occur in both singular and plural form, as well as co-occurring with quantificational determiners like every, each, several, most, etc.. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countable_noun 19.09.06)
SubClass Of
CountableNoun G CountableNoun Countable Noun
Abstract A countable noun (also count noun) is a noun which can be modified by a numeral and occur in both singular and plural form, as well as co-occurring with quantificational determiners like every, each, several, most, etc.. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countable_noun 19.09.06)
CountNumber G CountNumber Count Number
Abstract MULTEXT-East feature Number="count" (Nouns in Serbian, Macedonian, Bulgarian), e.g., Bulgarian ???/??, ???????/??????, ???/??, ??????/?????, ??????/??????, ?????/???? (http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#CountNumber)
SubClass Of
Date G Date Date
Abstract Date is a stretch of text that specifies a specific point in time and that is not further linguistically analysed. (Chiarcos)
SubClass Of
TemporallyDefinedUsage (dating) G TemporallyDefinedUsage Temporally Defined Usage
Abstract Indication specifying whether the usage is old or modern.
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
DativeCase G DativeCase Dative Case
Abstract Dative case marks indirect objects (for languages in which they are held to exist), or nouns having the role of a recipient (as of things given), a beneficiary of an action, or a possessor of an item. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/glossaryoflinguisticterms/WhatIsDativeCase.htm 17.11.06)
SubClass Of
DebitiveModality G DebitiveModality Debitive Modality
Abstract Mood to express necessity or requirement
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
DebitiveMood G DebitiveMood Debitive Mood
Abstract Mood to express necessity or requirement
SubClass Of
DeclarativeModality G DeclarativeModality Declarative Modality
Abstract Pertaining to the mood or mode of a verb form or clause such that it predicates a type of (formal) assertion (OED). (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#declarativeModality)
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
DeclarativeMood G DeclarativeMood Declarative Mood
Abstract Pertaining to the mood or mode of a verb form or clause such that it predicates a type of (formal) assertion (OED). (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#declarativeModality) Unlike DeclarativeModality, a DeclarativeMood is morphologically marked.
SubClass Of
DeclarativePunctuation G DeclarativePunctuation Declarative Punctuation
Abstract Punctuation used at the end a declarative sentence.
SubClass Of
DeclarativeSentence G DeclarativeSentence Declarative Sentence
Abstract S|Simple declarative clause, i.e. one that is not introduced by a (possibly empty) subordinating conjunction or wh-word and that does not exhibit subject-verb inversion. (Santorini 1991) Simple declarative sentences: (S (NP-SBJ Casey) (VP threw (NP the ball))) ... S ?????? Simple declarative clause, i.e. one that is not introduced by a (possibly empty) subordinating conjunction or wh-word and that does not exhibit subject-verb inversion. (Bies et al. 1995)
SubClass Of
DeductiveEvidentiality G DeductiveEvidentiality Deductive Evidentiality
Abstract DeductiveEvidentiality encodes the fact that the speaker came to believe the content of the expression through a sound inference procedure. [Palmer 2001: 6-8].
SubClass Of
DeficientVerb G DeficientVerb Deficient Verb
Abstract verb lacking certain morphosyntactic properties
SubClass Of
Definite G Definite Definite
Abstract Value referring to the capacity of identification of an entity. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2004) An entity is specified as definite when it refers to a particularized individual of the species denoted by the noun. (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#definite) Definite noun phrases are used to refer to entities which are specific and identifiable in a given context. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definiteness 20.11.06)
SubClass Of
DefiniteArticle G DefiniteArticle Definite Article
Abstract A definite article is used before singular and plural nouns that refer to a particular member of a group. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_%28grammar%29 18.09.06)
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
DegreeAdverb (degree adverb) G DegreeAdverb Degree Adverb
Abstract Any adverb which modifies an adjective, an adverb, a verbal particle, a preposition, a conjunction or a determiner is a degree adverb. (http://xlex.uni-muenster.de/Portal/MTPE/tagsetDescriptionEN.doc, p. 113, 8.1 Degree Adverbs 23.09.06) Also known as specifier adverb (http://www.unlweb.net/unlarium/dictionary/export_tagset.php)
SubClass Of
DelativeCase G DelativeCase Delative Case
Abstract DelativeCase expresses motion downward from the referent of the noun it marks (Pei and Gaynor 1954: 53; Gove, et al. 1966: 595). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Delative)
SubClass Of
DemonstrativeAdverb G DemonstrativeAdverb Demonstrative Adverb
Abstract Pronominal adverb derived from a demonstrative stem (Ch. Chiarcos)
SubClass Of
DemonstrativeDeterminer G DemonstrativeDeterminer Demonstrative Determiner
Abstract Demonstratives are deictic expressions (they depend on an external frame of reference) which indicate entities a speaker refers to, and distinguishes those entities from others. Demonstratives are usually employed for spatial deixis (using the context of the physical surroundings), but in many languages they double as discourse deictics, referring not to concrete objects but to words, phrases and propositions mentioned in speech. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonstrative 19.09.06)
SubClass Of
DemonstrativeModifier G DemonstrativeModifier Demonstrative Modifier
Abstract A nominal is modified by a demonstrative. (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#demonstrativeModifier)
SubClass Of
DemonstrativePronoun G DemonstrativePronoun Demonstrative Pronoun
Abstract Demonstrative pronouns are deictic words (they depend on an external frame of reference). They indicate which entities a speaker refers to, and distinguishes those entities from others. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonstrative_pronoun 19.09.06)
SubClass Of
DemonstrativeQuantifier G DemonstrativeQuantifier Demonstrative Quantifier
Abstract In the Czech and Slovak MTE v4 specs, Numeral/Class="demonstrative" are items meaning `this many/much', etc. Strictly speaking, they are pronumerals (pro-quantifiers), but traditional descriptions don't recognise such a category, so they are described variously as pronouns (because they contain a demonstrative element) or as numerals (because their syntactic distribution is that of numerals, or very close)." (Ivan A Derzhanski, email 2010/06/11, http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#DemonstrativeQuantifier)
SubClass Of
DeponentMiddle G DeponentMiddle Deponent Middle
Abstract Action denotes physical/mental disposition of subject. (Siewierska 1988:257) (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/DeponentMiddle)
SubClass Of
Derivation (derivation) G Derivation Derivation
Abstract Change in the form of a linguistic unit, usually modification in the base/root or affixation to create a new word. (Sue Ellen Wright + Gil Francopoulo; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1271)
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
DeterminalPronoun G DeterminalPronoun Determinal Pronoun
Abstract The Estonian determinal pronouns _ise_, _end(a)_ `(one)self'." combine aspects of emphatic pronouns and reflexive pronouns. It could also be described as an intensifier that is formally identical with the reflexive pronoun or as an emphatic reflexive pronoun. (Ivan A. Derzhanski, Heiki-Jaan Kaalep, http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#DeterminalPronoun; Insa G?lzow (2006), The acquisition of intensifiers: Emphatic reflexives in English and German child language, Mouton de Gruyter, Berlin, p. 258)
SubClass Of
Determiner (determiner) G Determiner Determiner
Abstract A determiner is a noun modifier that expresses the reference of a noun or noun phrase in the context, including quantity, rather than attributes expressed by adjectives. This part of speech is defined in some languages, such as in English, as it is distinct from adjectives grammatically, though most English dictionaries still identify the determiners as adjectives. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Determiner 19.09.06)
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
DeterminerPhrase G DeterminerPhrase Determiner Phrase
Abstract Certain pronouns serving as determiners in noun phrases may be premodified, for instance, by degree adverbs such as in German "so viele ?Altere", "gar kein Schutz", etc. In the case of "so viele ?ltere", the premodifying adverb so is attached to the indefinite pronoun viele. Together, they form a determiner phrase (DP), which is attached to the head noun ?ltere on the same level: [so viele] ?ltere (Telljohann et al. 2009, p.63)
SubClass Of
Diacritic G Diacritic Diacritic
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
DialectRegister (dialect register) G DialectRegister Dialect Register
Abstract Register that is specific to a dialect. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1990)
SubClass Of
DifferentialPronoun G DifferentialPronoun Differential Pronoun
Abstract A pronoun, which classifies or differentiates(pronoun) by a single basis, like everybody; each; individual etc. ? ??? ? ? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??? ? Drupai Miser Gara Enrung Dzongkha Sheg? 'Every Bhutanese must know Dzongkha' (http://panl10n.net/english/Outputs%20Phase%202/CCs/Bhutan/Papers/2007/0701/PartOfSpeech.pdf)
SubClass Of
DigitNumeral G DigitNumeral Digit Numeral
Abstract Numeral expressed by Arabic digits.
SubClass Of
Diminuitive G Diminuitive Diminuitive
Abstract A diminutive is a formation of a word used to convey a slight degree of the root meaning, smallness of the object or quality named, encapsulation, intimacy, or endearment. It is the opposite of an augmentative. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diminutive)
SubClass Of
DiminutiveNoun (diminutive noun) G DiminutiveNoun Diminutive Noun
Abstract diminutive noun (MIRACL LSCA; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2225)
SubClass Of
DirectCase G DirectCase Direct Case
Abstract In the Romanian case system the value 'direct' conflates 'nominative' and 'accusative', e.g., -acea/acel, -aceasta/acesta, -aceast?/acest (http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#DirectCase)
SubClass Of
DirectionRole G DirectionRole Direction Role
Abstract -DIR (direction) ?????? marks adverbials that answer the questions ??????from where??????? and ??????to where??????? It implies motion, which can be metaphorical as in ??????...rose 5 pts. to 57-1/2?????? or ??????increased 70% to 5.8 billion yen?????? (see section 23 [??????Financialspeak?????? Conventions]). -DIR is most often used with verbs of motion/transit and financial verbs: (S (NP-SBJ I) (VP flew (PP-DIR from (NP Tokyo)) (PP-DIR to (NP New York)))) (Bies et al. 1995)
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
DirectObject G DirectObject Direct Object
Abstract A direct object is a grammatical relation that exhibits a combination of certain independent syntactic properties, such as the following: the usual grammatical characteristics of the patient of typically transitive verbs; particular case marking; a particular clause position; the conditioning of an agreement affix on the verb; the capability of becoming the clause subject in passivization; the capability of reflexivization. The identification of the direct object relation may be further confirmed by finding significant overlap with similar direct object relations previously established in other languages. This may be done by analyzing correspondence between translation equivalents (Crystal 1985: 94; Hartmann and Stork 1972: 155; Mish et al. 1990: 358; Comrie 1989: 66; Andrews, Avery 1985: 68,120,126; Comrie 1985a: 337). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/directObject)
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
DirectQuestion G DirectQuestion Direct Question
Abstract There are two types of direct questions: yes-no questions and wh-questions. Yes-no questions should be bracketed as SQ. The auxiliary verb or form of do that precedes the subject in a yes-no question is a child of SQ. Note that yes-no questions need not contain a VP node (Santorini 1991)
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
DirectSpeech G DirectSpeech Direct Speech
Abstract added in accordance with TIGER
SubClass Of
DirectVoice G DirectVoice Direct Voice
Abstract Signals that the action proceeds in an ontologically salient way, i.e. that salience is assigned to nominals based on their referent's relative real-world capacities to control situations. (Klaiman 1991:32) (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/DirectVoice)
SubClass Of
DirectWHQuestion G DirectWHQuestion Direct W H Question
Abstract SBARQ|Direct question introduced by a wh-word or wh-phrase. See Section 5.32. Indirect questions and relative clauses should be bracketed as SBAR, not SBARQ. (Santorini 1991) Wh-questions should be bracketed as SBARQ. The wh-constituent (whether it is a subject or not) is a child of SBARQ; the rest of the question is an SQ. If the wh-constituent is a subject or an object, the position where it is interpreted should be represented by the empty element T. (Santorini 1991) The SBARQ label marks wh-questions (i.e., those that contain a gap and therefore require a trace). A further level of structure, SQ, contains the inverted auxiliary (if there is one) and the rest of the sentence. The inverted auxiliary in wh-questions is not labeled. ... SBARQ ?????? Direct question introduced by a wh-word or wh-phrase. See section 1 [Overview of Basic Clause Structure]. Indirect questions and relative clauses should be bracketed as SBAR, not SBARQ. (Bies et al. 1995)
SubClass Of
DiscourseMarker G DiscourseMarker Discourse Marker
Abstract Generally, discourse markers are expressions or phrases of greeting, apologizing, thanking, short emotional utterances, and interjections. Their node label is DM. ... Typical discourse markers are: ja, nein, hallo, oh, aha, pst, nunja, gewi?, toll, nun ja, etc. (Telljohann et al. 2009, p. 136)
SubClass Of
Distal G Distal Distal
Abstract The referent denoted by a distal demonstrative pronoun (e.g., English that) is usually spatially more remote or discoursally less salient as compared to a referent denoted by a proximal demonstrative pronoun (e.g., English this) (Chiarcos)
SubClass Of
DistinctiveParticle (distinctive particle) G DistinctiveParticle Distinctive Particle
Abstract distinctive particle (MIRACL & LSCA; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2228)
SubClass Of
DistributiveCase G DistributiveCase Distributive Case
Abstract The distributive case is used on nouns for the meanings of per or each, e.g., Hungarian egyenk?nt/egy, hetenk?nt/h?t, ilyenk?nt/ily, k?thetenk?nt/k?th?t, rekordonk?nt/rekord, t?mb?nk?nt/t?mb, v?rcsoportonk?nt/v?rcsoport In Hungarian it is -nk?nt and expresses the manner when something happens to each member of a set one by one (e.g., fejenk?nt "per head", esetenk?nt "in some case"), or the frequency in time (hetenk?nt "once a week", t?zpercenk?nt "every ten minutes"). In the Finnish language, this adverb type is rare, even rarer in the singular. Its ending is -ttain/-tt?in. The basic meaning is "separately for each". For example, maa ("country") becomes maittain for an expression like Laki ratifioidaan maittain ("The law is ratified separately in each country"). It can be used to distribute the action to frequent points in time, e.g., p?iv? (day) has the plural distributive p?ivitt?in (each day). It can mean also "in (or with) regard to the (cultural) perspective" when combined with a word referring to an inhabitant (-lais-). Frequently Finns (suomalaiset) say that suomalaisittain tuntuu oudolta, ett?, or "in the Finnish perspective, it feels strange that". (http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#DistributiveCase, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributive_case)
SubClass Of
DistributivePronoun G DistributivePronoun Distributive Pronoun
Abstract When the subject is conjoined, the reflexive cannot refer to only one of them. The proform has to be a distributive pronoun, i.e., the reduplicated form, when it has coreference to respective subjects, e.g., *kumaarum_i/Kumar.and umaavum_j/Uma.and tan_i+j/self-poss puunekki/cat.to paalu/milk kuDuttaanaanga/give-pst-aggr. "*Kumar_i and Uma gave milk to his_i/her_j cat." (Annamalai 2000, p. 189, on Tamil) Unlike reciprocals, the two parts of a distributive pronoun cannot be considered as two full, independent NPs. In "awar/1 awar/2", only "awar/2" is case marked; "awar/1" is its citation form. Also, the two parts cannot be separated by intervening material (cf. English "one another"). (Jayaseelan 2000, p. 149, on Malayalam) (K.A. Jayaseelan, 2000, Lexical anaphors and pronouns in Malayalam, In: Barbara C. Lust, Kashi Wali, James W. Gair, K.V.Subharao (eds.), Lexical Anaphors and Pronouns in Selected South Asian Languages. A Principled Typology, Mouton de Gruyter, Berlin, p. 113-168) (E. Annamalai, 2000, Lexical anaphors and pronouns in Tamil, , In: Barbara C. Lust, Kashi Wali, James W. Gair, K.V.Subharao (eds.), Lexical Anaphors and Pronouns in Selected South Asian Languages. A Principled Typology, Mouton de Gruyter, Berlin, p. 169-216)
SubClass Of
Ditransitive G Ditransitive Ditransitive
Abstract A predicate/verb that takes two arguments, e.g., English "to give", cf. van Valin and Lapolla (1997).
SubClass Of
DitransitiveTheme G DitransitiveTheme Ditransitive Theme
Abstract Ditransitive theme (T) (Siewierska 2004:57). (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#T)
SubClass Of
Point (dot) G Point Point
Abstract Sign (.) used to expresses the end of a sentence or an abbreviation. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1445)
SubClass Of
Dual (dual) G Dual Dual
Abstract Form used in some languages to designate two persons or things. (ISO12620; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1879)
SubClass Of
DualQuantifier G DualQuantifier Dual Quantifier
Abstract Quantifiers that enforce dual agreement (i.e., as with the numeral "2"). Some feminine and neuter body parts in Czech have preserved dual forms, and if the noun is dual, so are its attributes (adjectives, pronouns). So the agreement of the numeral 2 differs formally from 3-4 (Ivan A. Derzhanski, email 2010/06/16, http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#DualQuantifier) Numeral/Class="definite", Numeral/Class="definite1", Numeral/Class="definite234" etc. refer to specific patterns of congruency with Slavic numerals that originate from the difference between Old Slavic singular (definite1), dual (definite2, definite234) and plural (definite). (http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#DualQuantifier)
SubClass Of
DubitiveModality G DubitiveModality Dubitive Modality
Abstract DubitiveMood indicates a speaker's doubt or uncertainty about a proposition (Palmer 2001). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Dubitive)
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
DubitiveMood G DubitiveMood Dubitive Mood
Abstract DubitiveMood indicates a speaker's doubt or uncertainty about a proposition (Palmer 2001). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Dubitive)
SubClass Of
DurativeAspect G DurativeAspect Durative Aspect
Abstract Events which involve some duration (Bhat 1999:58). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Durative)
SubClass Of
DynamicAspect G DynamicAspect Dynamic Aspect
Abstract dynamic aspect (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#dynamicityAspect)
SubClass Of
EchoWord (echo word) G EchoWord Echo Word
Abstract The word is a copy of a previous word. In Hindi, this would add the meaning of distribution ("one rupee each"), separation ("sit separately"), variety, diversity or just emphasis. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-4209, reduplicative) Echo word is a linguistic term that refers to a particular kind of reduplication which is a widespread areal feature in the languages of South Asia. Echo words are characterized by reduplication of a complete word or phrase, with the initial segment or syllable of the reduplicant being overwritten by a fixed segment or syllable. In most languages in which this phenomenon is present, echo words serve to express a meaning of "... and such; and things like that." In some cases the echo word may express a depreciative meaning as well. Echo words in Hindi are typically created with a fixed initial v: aam "mango" aam vaam "mangoes and the like" tras "grief" tras vras "grief and the like" (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echo_word)
SubClass Of
ElativeCase G ElativeCase Elative Case
Abstract ElativeCase expresses that the referent of the noun it marks is the location out of which another referent is moving. It has the meaning 'out of' (Lyons 1968: 299; Pei and Gaynor 1954: 64; Crystal 1985: 106; Gove, et al. 1966: 730). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Elative)
SubClass Of
ElativeDegree G ElativeDegree Elative Degree
Abstract MULTEXT-East Degree="elative" (Adjective: Resian, Serbian, Macedonian)
In Semitic languages, ElativeDegree refers to the ?adjective of superiority.? In some languages such as Arabic, the concepts of comparative and superlative degree of an adjective are merged into a single form, the elative. How this form is understood or translated depends upon context and definiteness. In the absence of comparison, the elative conveys the notion of ?greatest?, ?supreme.? The elative of ???? (kab?:r, "big") is ???? (??kbar, ?bigger/biggest?, ?greater/greatest?). (http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/elative) In Slavic languages, as well, it is pretty standard. I do agree with the definition though, that "the elative conveys the notion of ?greatest?, ?supreme.?" So, Slovene "lep" is beautiful, "prelep" is very (or supremely) beautiful; I guess the "pre-" prefix could be roughly translated as "over-". Used in Resian, Serbian, Macedonian. In Slovenian, we banished it, as even "ordinary" degrees are borderline inflection / derivation, but, I think, elative is is definitely not inflection. (Toma? Erjavec, email 2010/06/21)
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
ElativeNoun G ElativeNoun Elative Noun
Abstract noun to express both comparative and superlative
SubClass Of
ElementDemandingClitic G ElementDemandingClitic Element Demanding Clitic
Abstract Expression representing a lexeme with cliticization whose clitics are, however, represented as a separate token
SubClass Of
ElementWithClitic G ElementWithClitic Element With Clitic
Abstract Expression representing a lexeme together with its clitics (Chiarcos)
SubClass Of
ElementWithoutClitic G ElementWithoutClitic Element Without Clitic
Abstract Expression representing a lexeme without any clitics (i.e. because of the absence of cliticization or because the clitic is represented separately) (Chiarcos)
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
Elision (elision) G Elision Elision
Abstract The omission of a syllable or vowel at the beginning or end of a word, esp. when a word ending with a vowel is next to one beginning with a vowel. (www.wordreference.com/English/definition.asp?en=elision; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1277)
SubClass Of
Ellipsis G Ellipsis Ellipsis
Abstract *?* ?????? placeholder for ellipsed material ... *?* is now available in the following great-tasting flavors: (VP *?*), (ADJP-PRD *?*), (PP-PRD *), (NP *?*), (S *?*), (SBAR *?*). These act as placeholders for a missing predicate or piece thereof, especially in comparative constructions and other environments where predicate deletion occurs. Although the missing material represented by *?* is often identical to another constituent in the same sentence, the two are never coindexed. Postmodifiers of the verb (including traces) may be attached under (VP *?*), but not to any other null element, including the other *?* null elements and (VP *T*). Note that policy for *?* was never finalized, so its use varies to some extent. In general, *?* is used by the annotators as a last resort (short of the FRAG analysis) for the annotation of clauses with ??????missing?????? material. Nonetheless, there are certain constructions that are particularly likely to contain *?*: (Bies et al. 1995)
SubClass Of
Emphatic G Emphatic Emphatic
Abstract Pronoun marked to show its importance. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1941) In Romanian, the so-called emphatic determiner may accompany both a noun and a personal pronoun: fata *?ns??i* (the girl *herself*), also ea *?ns??i* (she *herself*). (http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#EmphaticDeterminer) Emphasis can not only be expressed on nouns and pronouns, but also at verbs, adverbs, adpositions, etc., cf. http://purl.org/olia/ilposts.owl#Emphasis
SubClass Of
EmphaticPronoun (emphatic pronoun) G EmphaticPronoun Emphatic Pronoun
Abstract Pronoun marked to show its importance. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1941)
SubClass Of
EmphaticDeterminer G EmphaticDeterminer Emphatic Determiner
Abstract Determiner/Type="emphatic" (Romanian)
In Romanian, there are specific forms for the so-called emphatic determiner, which may accompany both a noun and a personal pronoun: fata ?ns??i (the girl herself), also ea ?ns??i (she herself). e.g., ?nsele/?nsumi, ?nsemi/?nsumi, ?nsene/?nsumi, ?nsev?/?nsumi, ?nse?i/?nsumi, ?nse?i/?nsumi, ?nsumi, ?nsu?i/?nsumi, ?nsu?i/?nsumi (http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#EmphaticDeterminer)
SubClass Of
EmphaticParticle G EmphaticParticle Emphatic Particle
Abstract Emphatic particle, e.g., (one of the uses of) Urdu t?: vo urd? parh? g? "He will study Urdu." (simple statement) vo urd? parh? g? t? l?kin imtih?n nah?m d? g? "He will STUDY Urdu, OF COURSE, but he won't take the examination." (Schmidt 1999, p. 232, see http://purl.org/olia/emille.owl#ContrastiveEmphaticParticle)
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
EpistemicPossibilityModality G EpistemicPossibilityModality Epistemic Possibility Modality
Abstract EpistemicPossibilityModality indicates that the designated state of affairs is not known not to be true.
SubClass Of
EquativeCase G EquativeCase Equative Case
Abstract Case that expresses likeness or identity to the referent of the noun it marks. It can have meaning, such as: 'as', 'like', or 'in the capacity of'. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1279)
SubClass Of
ErgativeCase G ErgativeCase Ergative Case
Abstract In ergative-absolutive languages, the ergative case identifies the subject of a transitive verb. In such languages, the ergative case is typically marked (most salient), while the absolutive case is unmarked. (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#ergativeCase with reference to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergative_case).
SubClass Of
EssiveCase G EssiveCase Essive Case
Abstract EssiveCase expresses that the referent of the noun it marks is the location at which another referent exists (Lyons 1968: 299,301; Gove, et al. 1966: 778; Crystal 1985: 112; Blake 1994: 154-5). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Essive)
SubClass Of
EssiveFormalCase G EssiveFormalCase Essive Formal Case
Abstract The Hungarian "formativus, or essivus-formalis `-k?nt' ... usually expresses a position, task and manner of the person or the thing." (Nose 2003), e.g., Hungarian 'katonak?nt' -> [serves] as a soldier. (Csaba Oravecz, email 2010/06/15)

"Haspelmath & Buchholz (1998:321) explained the function of the essive case as ``role phrases''. Role phrases represent the role of the function in which a participant appears. They regard the role phrases as adverbial." (Nose 2003, p. 117)
In the Hungarian language this case combines the Essive case and the Formal case, and it can express the position, task, state (e.g. "as a tourist"), or the manner (e.g. "like a hunted animal"). The status of the suffix -k?nt in the declension system is disputed for several reasons. First, in general, Hungarian case suffixes are absolute word-final, while -k?nt permits further suffixation by the locative suffix -i. Second, most Hungarian case endings participate in vowel harmony, while -k?nt does not. For these reasons, many modern analyses of the Hungarian case system, starting with L?szl? Antal's "A magyar esetrendszer" (1961) do not consider the essive/formal to be a case. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essive-formal_case)
cf. Masahiko Nose (2003), Adverbial Usage of the Hungarian Essive Case
SubClass Of
EvaluativeModality (evaluative property) G EvaluativeModality Evaluative Modality
Abstract EvaluativeProperty: A term used in semantics for a type of modality where propositions express the speaker's attitude (e.g. surprise, regret) towards what is being said. [Crystal 2003: 168]
SubClass Of
ExclamativePoint (exclamative point) G ExclamativePoint Exclamative Point
Abstract Special sign (!) usually used in writing to mark exclamation. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1441)
SubClass Of
ExclamatoryAdverb G ExclamatoryAdverb Exclamatory Adverb
Abstract An ExclamatoryAdverb seves to express exclamation, cf. how in "How well everyone played!" Exclamative sentences or exclamatives An exclamatory sentence or exclamation is generally a more emphatic form of statement, in particular, they are used are used to express strong feelings (Latin exclamare : "to call out, to cry out"). (http://english.unitecnology.ac.nz/resources/resources/exp_lang/sentence.html 07.05.07, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentence_(linguistics) 07.05.07)
SubClass Of
ExclamatoryDeterminer G ExclamatoryDeterminer Exclamatory Determiner
Abstract A exclamatory determiner is used in combination with a Nominal Phrase in order to create an exclamation (a more emphatic form of statement), e.g. "What a lovely colour!", "What a wonderful day this is!" (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/pub/eagles/lexicons/elm_en.ps.gz, p.27, 07.05.07; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentence_(linguistics), 07.05.07)
SubClass Of
ExclamatoryPronoun G ExclamatoryPronoun Exclamatory Pronoun
Abstract An exclamative pronoun is a word which marks an exclamation. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAnExclamative.htm 19.09.06)
SubClass Of
Exclusive G Exclusive Exclusive
Abstract a form denoting that the addressee (addressees) are not included into the set of their referents which contain also the speaker
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
ExclusiveEmphaticParticle G ExclusiveEmphaticParticle Exclusive Emphatic Particle
Abstract In Urdu, the exclusive emphatic particle h? emphasizes the preceding word and excludes something else (which may not be expressed). (Schmidt 1999, p.233, http://purl.org/olia/emille.owl#ExclusiveEmphaticParticle) Compare with the inclusive emphatic particle bh?: maim *bh?* faisal? kar?m g? "I'll *also* make a decision" maim *h?* faisal? kar?m g? "*I'm the one who* will make the decision." (Schmidt 1999, p.237, http://purl.org/olia/emille.owl#InclusiveEmphaticParticle)
SubClass Of
ExistentialParticle G ExistentialParticle Existential Particle
Abstract English existential there is specified as a subtype of pronoun in MTE v4, i.e., Pronoun/Type="ex-there" (http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#ExistentialThere)
SubClass Of
ExistentialPronoun G ExistentialPronoun Existential Pronoun
Abstract pronoun that indicates the existence of something or someone
ExpansionVariation G ExpansionVariation Expansion Variation
Abstract Description of the kind of variation between full and abbreviated forms.
SubClass Of
ExperiencerRole G ExperiencerRole Experiencer Role
Abstract An experiencer instantiates the role of an entity (usually animate) who takes the event in through sensory means in some way. (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#experiencerRole)
SubClass Of
Expletive (expletive) G Expletive Expletive
Abstract Word which serves no grammatical function, but which fills up a sentence or gives emphasis. (www.southwestern.edu/~carlg/Latin_Web/glossary.html; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1283)
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
ExpletiveArgument G ExpletiveArgument Expletive Argument
Abstract Three different expletive usages [of the German expletive pronoun es] are traditionally distinguished: formal subject or object (expletive argument), correlate of an extraposed clausal argument (expletive correlate), and Vorfeld-es (structural expletive) (cf. (Eisenberg 1999 2001), (P?tz 1986)). ... The formal subject obligatorily occurs with weather verbs, e.g. "Es regnet" and unpersonal or agentless constructions such as "Es gibt so eine Buchung" or "Es geht um popul?re Unterhaltung." Some verbs optionally permit an expletive subject but also occur with referential subjects such as "Max/Es kopft an der T?r." A formal object is found in constructions like "jmd. legt es an auf etw." or "jmd. verdirbt es mit jmdm." In all examples mentioned, es functions as a grammatical argument without semantic contribution, i.e. it does not refer to a person, object, or event. (Telljohann et al. 2009, p.60f)
SubClass Of
ExpletiveCorrelate G ExpletiveCorrelate Expletive Correlate
Abstract Three different expletive usages [of the German expletive pronoun es] are traditionally distinguished: formal subject or object (expletive argument), correlate of an extraposed clausal argument (expletive correlate), and Vorfeld-es (structural expletive) (cf. (Eisenberg 1999 2001), (P?tz 1986)). (Telljohann et al. 2009, p.60) Extraposed clausal arguments: "Aber [es] ist ?bertrieben zu sagen, damit bek?me die FU erst eine Identit?t." (Telljohann et al. 2009, p.62)
SubClass Of
ExpletivePronoun G ExpletivePronoun Expletive Pronoun
Abstract An expletive (also known as a dummy word) is a part of speech whose members have no meaning, but complete a sentence to make it grammatical [Crystal 1997, 127] (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Expletive) In European languages, expletives are pronouns. A verbal part of speech that "has no meaning, but complete a sentence to make it grammatical" is a copula (see AuxiliaryVerb).
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
ExtentRole G ExtentRole Extent Role
Abstract -EXT (extent) ?????? marks adverbial phrases that describe the spatial extent of an activity. -EXT was incorporated primarily for cases of movement in financial space, but is also used in analogous situations elsewhere. (S (NP-SBJ the Dow Jones Industrial Average) (VP plunged (NP-EXT 190.58 points))) (S (NP-SBJ She) (VP walked (NP-EXT 5 miles))) Obligatory complements do not receive -EXT: (S (NP-SBJ The sumo wrestler) (VP gained (NP 80 pounds))) Words such as fully and completely are absolutes and do not receive -EXT. (Bies et al. 1995)
SubClass Of
Extraposition G Extraposition Extraposition
Abstract *EXP* ? Expletive (extraposition) ... In cases where a clausal subject has been extraposed and replaced by an expletive it, we use a type of pseudo-attach called *EXP*. (In the small ATIS sample included with this release, it is also used for existential there.) Use of *EXP*-attach is discussed in more detail in section 17 [It-Extraposition]. (S (NP-SBJ (NP It) (SBAR *EXP*-1)) (VP is (ADJP-PRD clear) (PP to (NP me)) (SBAR-1 that (S (NP-SBJ this message) (VP is (ADJP-PRD unclear)))))) (Bies et al. 1995)
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
Izafat (ezafe) G Izafat Izafat
Abstract The iz?fat (pronounced as a shorter form of ???) is an enclitic of Persian origin which is used in Farsi and neighboring languages. In Urdu, it can be considered a preposition under certain circumstances: it links two nouns in a possessive relationship, although the phrase thus produced may often have a different meaning to a phrase produced with the native Urdu postposition k?. However, the iz?fat may also join a noun to an adjective, in which case it is not so clearly accurate to describe it as a preposition parallel to the prepositions in European languages for which the EAGLES guidelines were compiled. A better way to treat iz?fat is in the context of the Unique category of miscellaneous one-member wordclasses, discussed below. (Hardie 2003, http://purl.org/olia/emille.owl#Izafat) enclitic morpheme used to form noun phrases and that can denote possession, can form apposition or can join adjectives to nouns. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2999)
SubClass Of
FacetiousRegister (facecious register) G FacetiousRegister Facetious Register
Abstract Register related to an expression that is intended to be clever and funny but that is really silly and annoying. (Longma DCE; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1991)
SubClass Of
FactiveCase G FactiveCase Factive Case
Abstract case category of the Hungarian MULTEXT-East scheme, e.g., amilyenn?/amilyen, azz?/az, er?dd?/er?, jelmezeiv?/jelmez, jel?kk?/jel, kev?ss?/kev?s, Kiss?/Kiss, legjelent?ktelenebbekk?/jelent?ktelen (hu) (http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#FactiveCase)
SubClass Of
FacultativePrepositionalObject G FacultativePrepositionalObject Facultative Prepositional Object
Abstract facultative (i.e. optional) prepositional object, e.g., passivized subject (von-phrase)
SubClass Of
FamiliarSecondPersonPronoun G FamiliarSecondPersonPronoun Familiar Second Person Pronoun
Abstract In several European languages exist special forms of pronouns for polite or respectful reference, e.g. Dutch u and Spanish usted. The concept FamiliarSecondPersonPronoun applies to the corresponding unmarked forms for informal conversiation in such languages. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node18.html#oav1p 19.09.06)
SubClass Of
FamilyName G FamilyName Family Name
Abstract In most European cultures, family names have been introduced into name formulas to identify a person's family, so that individuals with the same given name can be distinguished. (CC)
SubClass Of
Feminine G Feminine Feminine
Abstract Feminine gender is a grammatical gender that marks nouns, articles, pronouns, etc. that have human or animal female referents, and often marks nouns that have referents that do not carry distinctions of sex. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node19.html#oav2at 17.11.06)
SubClass Of
FinalField G FinalField Final Field
Abstract In a German clause, the finite verb can appear in three different positions: verb-second, verb-initial, and verb-final. Only in verb-final clauses the verb complex consisting of the finite verb and non-finite verbal elements forms a unit. The discontinuous positioning of the verbal elements in verb-first and verb-second clauses is the traditional reason for structuring German clauses into fields. The positions of the verbal elements form the Satzklammer (sentence bracket) which divides the sentence into a Vorfeld (initial field), a Mittelfeld (middle field), and a Nachfeld (final field). The Vorfeld and the Mittelfeld are divided by the linke Satzklammer (left sentence bracket), which is the finite verb, the rechte Satzklammer (right sentence bracket) is the verb complex between the Mittelfeld and the Nachfeld. (Telljohann et al. 2009, p.13)
SubClass Of
FiniteClause G FiniteClause Finite Clause
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
FiniteVerb G FiniteVerb Finite Verb
Abstract A finite verb is a verb form that occurs in an independent clause, and is fully inflected according to the inflectional categories marked on verbs in the language. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAFiniteVerb.htm 19.09.06) Property applied to a verb form that can occur on its own in an independent sentence. (Crystal 2003; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1287)
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
FiniteVerbPhrase G FiniteVerbPhrase Finite Verb Phrase
SubClass Of
First (first person) G First First
Abstract First person deixis is deictic reference that refers to the speaker, or both the speaker and referents grouped with the speaker (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1288) cf. gold:First: Refers to the speaker and one or more nonparticipants, but not hearer(s). Contrasts with FirstPersonInclusive (Crystal 1997: 285). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/First)
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
FirstExclusive G FirstExclusive First Exclusive
Abstract Refers to the speaker and one or more nonparticipants, but not hearer(s). Contrasts with FirstPersonInclusive (Crystal 1997: 285). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/FirstExclusive)
SubClass Of
FirstInclusive G FirstInclusive First Inclusive
Abstract Refers to the speaker, hearer(s) and possibly others. Contrasts with FirstPersonExclusive (Crystal 1997: 285). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/FirstInclusive)
SubClass Of
FirstPersonPronoun G FirstPersonPronoun First Person Pronoun
Abstract A FirstPersonPronoun refers to the speaker, or to both the speaker and referents grouped with the speaker. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsFirstPersonDeixis.htm 19.09.06)
SubClass Of
FixedExpression G FixedExpression Fixed Expression
Abstract Some forms can only be used in a fixed context, e.g., polsku in po polsku. They are classified as special kinds of adjectives in the IPIC. In the MTE version this information is preserved in the status of a "burkinostka". This term is devised by Magdalena Derwojedowa and refers to dependent words like Burkina which only make sense and can be morphosyntactically identified in a fixed combination (Burkina Faso).
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
FocusAntipassive G FocusAntipassive Focus Antipassive
Abstract Blocks the P or logical object (basic absolutive) nominal from being assigned Focus salience. Topic salience is available for assignment to various arguments, including the P, but Focus salience is always assigned to A, and is therefore inaccessible to P or any other nominal. (Klaiman 1991:236) (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/FocusAntipassive)
SubClass Of
FocusMarker G FocusMarker Focus Marker
Abstract a morpheme indicating that the element it marks is the focus of the utterance.
SubClass Of
ForceRole G ForceRole Force Role
Abstract A force role is one in which the instantiator (the ?force?) exerts some degree of energy which initiates (or impacts on) the execution of the event. In contrast to an agent, an instantitor of a force may be an inanimate entity, such as a climactic condition. The non-controlling entity instigating a Process (=Dynamism or Change) (Dik, 1997:118) (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#forceRole)
SubClass Of
Foreign (foreign word) G Foreign Foreign
Abstract A foreign word is a text word which lies outside the traditionally accepted range of grammatical classes, it occurs quite commonly in many texts and very commonly in some. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node16.html#mr 19.09.06)
SubClass Of
ForeignPhrase G ForeignPhrase Foreign Phrase
Abstract Single foreign words are projected to a syntactic level assigned the node label FX, which is an universal label for any syntactic category (phrasal and sentential) in the respective foreign language. (Telljohann et al. 2009, p.44)
SubClass Of
FormalRegister (formal register) G FormalRegister Formal Register
Abstract Formal register. (12620; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1992)
SubClass Of
FormalCase G FormalCase Formal Case
Abstract In Hungarian, `essive-formal' is in some descriptions simply called `formal', with the affix _-k?pp(en)_ and meaning (`in the form of ...', they probably meant when they came up with the term). In the Hungarian MULTEXT-East scheme, essive-formal and formal are distinguished. (Ivan A. Derzhanski, email 2010/06/15, http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#FormalCase)
SubClass Of
Formula G Formula Formula
Abstract A formula (mathematical formulae) is a text word which lies outside the traditionally accepted range of grammatical classes, it occurs quite commonly in many texts and very commonly in some. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node16.html#mr 19.09.06)
SubClass Of
Fraction (fractional numeral) G Fraction Fraction
Abstract Numeral/Form="fractional" (Romanian)
In traditional Romanian grammars, FractionalNumeral refers to expressions like treime-one third. (MTE v4, http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#FractalNumeral)
SubClass Of
Fragment G Fragment Fragment
Abstract FRAG marks those portions of text that appear to be clauses, but lack too many essential elements for the exact structure to be easily determined (e.g., answers to questions). Predicate argument structure therefore cannot be extracted from FRAGs. (Bies et al. 1995) Sentence fragments that end with sentence- nal punctuation like Not even an earthquake. should not be bracketed as S, but only with the highest appropriate label|in this case, NP. Do not attach such fragments to the preceding or following full sentence. (Santorini 1991)
SubClass Of
FrequentiveAspect G FrequentiveAspect Frequentive Aspect
Abstract Events which are frequently repeated, differs from habitual in that it can only be based upon the observation of several occurrences of the event concerned, whereas habitual can be based upon the observation of a single occurrence (Bhat 1999: 53). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Frequentive)
SubClass Of
Fronting G Fronting Fronting
Abstract Expression occurs at the left periphery of the sentence. This includes various noncanonical and canonical word order possibilities. (Note that it is not restricted here to noncanonical word order; for noncanonical fronting see subconcepts, e.g., Topicalization.) (Chiarcos)
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
FullDefiniteArticle (full article) G FullDefiniteArticle Full Definite Article
Abstract For definiteness, when a specific form is the syntactic subject of the clause. (DFKI; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1928)
SubClass Of
FusedPreposition (fused preposition) G FusedPreposition Fused Preposition
Abstract Preposition that is the result of a morphological merge from at least two words. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1901)
SubClass Of
FusedPrepArt G FusedPrepArt Fused Prep Art
Abstract The additional value Fused prep-art is for the benefit of those who do not find it practical to split fused words such as French au (= ? + le) into two text words. This very common phenomenon of a fused preposition + article in West European languages should preferably, however, be handled by assigning two tags to the same orthographic word (one for the preposition and one for the article). (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node18.html#oav1ap 19.09.06)
SubClass Of
FusedPrepositionPronoun G FusedPrepositionPronoun Fused Preposition Pronoun
Abstract word resulting from the aggregation of a preposition and a pronoun
SubClass Of
FusedPronounAuxiliary G FusedPronounAuxiliary Fused Pronoun Auxiliary
Abstract word resulting from the aggregation of a pronoun and an auxiliary
SubClass Of
Future G Future Future
Abstract The future tense refers to events that have yet to happen. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future 17.11.06) The future tense refers to a tense category which places an event in the future. (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#futureTense) FutureTense locates the situation in question later than the present moment (time of speaking.) (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Future)
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
FutureParticle (future particle) G FutureParticle Future Particle
Abstract Particle used in order to express future. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1919)
SubClass Of
FutureInFuture G FutureInFuture Future In Future
Abstract FutureInFutureTense locates the situation in question in the future, relative to a temporal reference point that itself is located in the future relative to the moment of utterance. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/FutureInFuture)
SubClass Of
FutureInPast G FutureInPast Future In Past
Abstract FutureInPastTense locates the situation in question in the future, relative to a contextually determined temporal reference point that itself must be located in the past relative to the moment of utterance. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/FutureInPast)
SubClass Of
FuturePerfect G FuturePerfect Future Perfect
Abstract RelativeFutureTense locates the situation in question after a contextually determined temporal reference point, regardless of the latter's relation to the moment of utterance. Also called FuturePerfectTense (Comrie 1985:69-71). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/RelativeFuture) A verb tense that refers to an action or state of being completed in the future. Translation into English requires the use of the auxiliary verbs will/shall have. (www.southwestern.edu/~carlg/Latin_Web/glossary.html; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1292) A tense of verbs describing an action that will have been performed by a certain time. In English this is formed with will have or shall have plus the past participle. (www.wordreference.com/English/definition.asp?en=future+perfect; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1292)
SubClass Of
Gapping G Gapping Gapping
Abstract The term "gapping" refers to a form of coordination in which the coordinated phrases after the rst are incomplete. For instance, the gapped equivalent of the full coordination structure in (@18a) is given in ( 18b). ( 18) a. Mary likes Bach and Susan likes Beethoven. b. Mary likes Bach and Susan, Beethoven. Gapped sequences like Susan, Beethoven should be labelled X. On the other hand, while coordination constructions containing gapped sequences involve coordination of unlike categories, it is clear that the entire coordination structure is a clause; hence, it should be labelled S. (Santorini 1991)
SubClass Of
GeneralizationWord G GeneralizationWord Generalization Word
Abstract A word that does not carry its own meaning but generalizes the meaning of a neighboring word, adding the "etc." sense.
SubClass Of
GenitiveAttribute G GenitiveAttribute Genitive Attribute
Abstract added in conformance to the TIGER scheme
SubClass Of
GenitiveCase G GenitiveCase Genitive Case
Abstract Genitive case signals that the referent of the marked noun is the possessor of the referent of another noun, e.g. "the man's foot". In some languages, genitive case may express an associative relation between the marked noun and another noun. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/glossaryoflinguisticterms/WhatIsGenitiveCase.htm 17.11.06)
SubClass Of
GeographicalVariant (geographical variant) G GeographicalVariant Geographical Variant
Abstract Description of a specific form used in a certain region as opposed to another form used in another region (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1851)
SubClass Of
Gerund G Gerund Gerund
Abstract property for a non-finite form of a verb other than the infinitive. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2243) A gerund is a kind of verbal noun that exists in some languages. In today's English, gerunds are nouns built from a verb with an '-ing' suffix. They can be used as the subject of a sentence, an object, or an object of preposition. They can also be used to complement a subject. Often, gerunds exist side-by-side with nouns that come from the same root but the gerund and the common noun have different shades of meaning. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerund, http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/English:Gerund 19.09.06) The term _gerund_ is ambiguous: with respect to Latin, in whose grammatical tradition it originates, it refers to a deverbal noun, and is needed in this function for Polish as well; in descriptions of some other languages, however, it has been used for an adverbial participle. The two meanings have nothing in common, except that the English _ing_-form can translate both. (Ivan A Derzhanski, email 2010/06/09) Here, it is assumed that Gerund refers only to deverbal nouns, cf. NominalNonfiniteVerb in the IIIT tagset (http://purl.org/olia/iiit.owl#NominalNonFiniteVerb)
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
GerundVerbPhrase G GerundVerbPhrase Gerund Verb Phrase
Abstract VGNN Gerunds A verb chunk having a gerund will be annotated as VGNN. For example, h18a. sharAba ((pInA_VM))_VGNN sehata ke liye hAnikAraka hE. 'liquor' 'drinking' 'heath' 'for' 'harmful' 'is' ?Drinking (liquor) is bad for health? h19a. mujhe rAta meM ((khAnA_VM))_VGNN acchA lagatA hai 'to me' 'night' 'in' 'eating' 'good' 'appeals' ?I like eating at night? h20a. ((sunane_VM meM_PSP))_VGNN saba kuccha acchA lagatA hE 'listening' 'in' 'all' 'things' 'good' 'appeal' 'is' (Akshar Bharati, Dipti Misra Sharma, Lakshmi Bai, Rajeev Sangal (2006), AnnCorra : Annotating Corpora. Guidelines For POS And Chunk Annotation For Indian Languages, Tech. Rep., L anguage Technologies Research Centre IIIT, Hyderabad, version of 15-12-2006, http://ltrc.iiit.ac.in/tr031/posguidelines.pdf)
SubClass Of
GivenName G GivenName Given Name
Abstract In most European cultures, a given name designates an individual person throughout her/his life span. To distinguish people with the same name but from different families, additional elements have been introduced into name formulas that identify a person's family or ancestry. (CC)
SubClass Of
GoalRole G GoalRole Goal Role
Abstract A goal role instantiates the (intended) end location (directional path) of an event. (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#goalRole)
SubClass Of
GraphicalSeparator G GraphicalSeparator Graphical Separator
Abstract Character string that appears between two written forms
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
HabitualAspect G HabitualAspect Habitual Aspect
Abstract Habitual tense pertains to verbs which refer to an action that occurs repeatedly. (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#habitualTense) Refers to the internal temporal contour of a situation ? a repeated situation that occupies a large slice of time. Can be based on the observation of a single occurrence. (Bhat 1999:177) (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Habitual)
SubClass Of
HabitualMood G HabitualMood Habitual Mood
Abstract "Habitual" is normally considered to be an aspect. Occasionally, it is, however, also described as a mood, e.g., by Bittner (2008, p. 354) for Kalaalisut (Greenlandic). Maria Bittner (2008), Aspectual universals of temporal anaphora, In: Susan Deborah Rothstein (ed.), Theoretical and crosslinguistic approaches to the semantics of aspect, John Benjamins, Amsterdam, p. 349-386.
SubClass Of
HangingTopic (hanging topic) G HangingTopic Hanging Topic
Abstract HangingTopic constructions are closely related to LeftDislocation. Unlike LeftDislocation, the dislocated element and its resuming pronoun do not necessarily agree in case, number and gender. (Petrova and Odebrecht 2011, http://purl.org/olia/tcodex.owl#HangingTopic)
SubClass Of
hasConjunct G hasConjunct has Conjunct
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
hasSentenceConjunct G hasSentenceConjunct has Sentence Conjunct
SubClass Of
hasWordConjunct G hasWordConjunct has Word Conjunct
SubClass Of
HaveAuxiliary (have) G HaveAuxiliary Have Auxiliary
Abstract The verb have as an auxiliary. (www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAnAuxiliaryVerb.htm; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1299)
SubClass Of
Head G Head Head
Abstract Heads are single words that function as the nucleus of a phrase. For instance, the head of the noun phrase John?s book is book. Book is also the head of the more complex noun phrase that interesting book that you were telling me about the other day. The head of the verb phrase telling me about the other day is telling. The head of a prepositional phrase is the preposition. (Santorini 1991)
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
Headline G Headline Headline
Abstract -HLN (headline) ? marks headlines and datelines. Note that headlines and datelines always constitute a unit of text that is structurally independent from the following sentence. (Bies et al. 1995)
SubClass Of
HeadOfNP G HeadOfNP Head Of N P
Abstract The HeadFunction is a function of an adjective or participle that can serve as the focus of the phrase.
SubClass Of
HesternalPast G HesternalPast Hesternal Past
Abstract HesternalPastTense locates the situation in question somewhere in the span beginning with the period defined culturally as 'yesterday' and extends back through some period that is considered nonremote (Comrie 1985:87-88; Dahl 1985:126). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/HesternalPast)
SubClass Of
HodiernalFuture G HodiernalFuture Hodiernal Future
Abstract HodiernalFutureTense locates the situation in question after the moment of utterance within the span culturally defined as 'today' (Comrie 1985: 86; Bybee, Perkins, and Pagliuca 1994: 247). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/HodiernalFuture)
SubClass Of
HodiernalPast G HodiernalPast Hodiernal Past
Abstract HodiernalPastTense locates the situation in question before the moment of utterance within the span culturally defined as 'today' (Comrie 1985:87; Dahl 1985:125-126). Contrasts with PreHodiernalPastTense. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/HodiernalPast)
SubClass Of
Homograph G Homograph Homograph
Abstract Word that is written like another, but that has a different pronunciation, meaning, and/or origin.
SubClass Of
Homonym (homonym) G Homonym Homonym
Abstract Word that sounds the same and is written the same as another word but is different in meaning.
SubClass Of
Homophone (homophone) G Homophone Homophone
Abstract Word that sounds like another word, but is different in writiing or meaning.
SubClass Of
Honorific (honorific) G Honorific Honorific
Abstract special form of language used when talking about those in positions of social situation (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2347)
SubClass Of
HonorificCommonNoun G HonorificCommonNoun Honorific Common Noun
Abstract Dzongkha uses honorific forms: ??????/nam za/ (cloths) is the honorific form of the noun ??? ??/gola/(cloths), ?????/sung/(tell) the honorific form of the verb ???/lab/(tell). We opted to mark them by adding the tag NNH (honorific common noun) and VBH (honorific verb) to enable future research on this specific usage of Dzongkha language. A number of tags were added to the set, of which we describe four in more detail: two of the additional tags are subclasses of verbs: VBH (honorific verb form), and VBN which describes past participle forms, like, e.g. ????/jun/(created), the past particle form of ???/jung/(create). (Chungku et al. 2010) A noun, which indicates respect for the person being addressed, e.g., Miwang Gel-poi Yab ?A king's father? [Though father=Apa, but colloquially we say YAB in Dzongkha] (http://panl10n.net/english/Outputs%20Phase%202/CCs/Bhutan/Papers/2007/0701/PartOfSpeech.pdf)
SubClass Of
HonorificVerb G HonorificVerb Honorific Verb
Abstract Dzongkha uses honorific forms: ??????/nam za/ (cloths) is the honorific form of the noun ??? ??/gola/(cloths), ?????/sung/(tell) the honorific form of the verb ???/lab/(tell). We opted to mark them by adding the tag NNH (honorific common noun) and VBH (honorific verb) to enable future research on this specific usage of Dzongkha language. A number of tags were added to the set, of which we describe four in more detail: two of the additional tags are subclasses of verbs: VBH (honorific verb form), and VBN which describes past participle forms, like, e.g. ????/jun/(created), the past particle form of ???/jung/(create).
SubClass Of
HortativeModality (hortative force) G HortativeModality Hortative Modality
Abstract A term sometimes used in the grammatical analysis of verbs, to refer to a type of modal meaning in which an exhortation is made. An example of a hortative usage ('a hortative') is the 'let us' construction in English ('let us pray'). [Crystal 2008: 232] (http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold/2010/HortatoryForce)
SubClass Of
Human G Human Human
Abstract For Slavic languages, animacy, and in particular, Humanness, defines so-called "sub-genders" that manifest themselves in the accusative ending of masculine and neuter singular nouns. Humans are by definition animate. (http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#Human)
SubClass Of
Hyphen (hyphen) G Hyphen Hyphen
Abstract Punctuation that is graphically presented as "-". (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2077)
SubClass Of
Ideophone G Ideophone Ideophone
Abstract Ideophones are marked words that depict sensory imagery.
SubClass Of
IllativeCase G IllativeCase Illative Case
Abstract IllativeCase expresses that the referent of the noun it marks is the location into which another referent is moving. It has the meaning 'into' (Lyons 1968: 299; Gove, et al. 1966: 1126; Crystal 1985: 152). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Illative)
SubClass Of
Image (image) G Image Image
Abstract graphical representation (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2249)
SubClass Of
ImmediateFuture G ImmediateFuture Immediate Future
Abstract ImmediateFutureTense, also called 'close future', locates the situation in question shortly after the moment of utterance (Dahl 1985:121; Comrie 1985:94; Bybee, Perkins, and Pagliuca 1994: 244-245). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/ImmediateFuture)
SubClass Of
ImmediatePast G ImmediatePast Immediate Past
Abstract ImmediatePastTense locates the situation in question at a time considered very recent in relation to the moment of utterance (Comrie 1985: 87). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/ImmediatePast)
SubClass Of
ImperativeModality G ImperativeModality Imperative Modality
Abstract Pertaining to the mood or mode of a verb form or clause such that it predicates a command, request, or exhortation (OED). (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#imperativeModality)
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
ImperativeMood G ImperativeMood Imperative Mood
Abstract Pertaining to the mood or mode of a verb form or clause such that it predicates a command, request, or exhortation (OED). (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#imperativeModality)
SubClass Of
ImperativeVerb G ImperativeVerb Imperative Verb
Abstract An imperative verb is used to express commands, direct requests, and prohibitions. Often, direct use of the imperative mood may appear blunt or even rude, so it is often used with care. Example: "Paul, read that book". (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_mood#Imperative_mood 19.09.06)
SubClass Of
Imperfect (imperfect) G Imperfect Imperfect
Abstract Verb tense that refers to action in the past that is incomplete or ongoing. (www.southwestern.edu/~carlg/Latin_Web/glossary.html; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1304)
SubClass Of
ImperfectiveAspect G ImperfectiveAspect Imperfective Aspect
Abstract The Imperfective aspect is an aspect that expresses an event or state, with respect to its internal structure, instead of expressing it as a simple whole. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/glossaryoflinguisticterms/WhatIsImperfectiveAspect.htm 17.11.06) The imperfective aspects ... do not view the situation as bounded, but rather as ongoing in either a durative, continuative or habitual sense (Bybee 1985:21) (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#imperfectiveAspect) A viewpoint aspect which encodes the speaker?s lack of attention to the endpoints of the situation referred to. Imperfective aspect is the prototypical mode of presentation for states (Michaelis 1998:xiv). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Imperfective)
SubClass Of
ImpersonalVerb (Impersonal) G ImpersonalVerb Impersonal Verb
Abstract An impersonal verb is a verb that - occurs only in third person singular forms - has no specified agent , and - has a dummy subject or no subject. (www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAnImpersonalVerb.htm; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1306)
SubClass Of
ImpersonalPronoun (impersonal pronoun) G ImpersonalPronoun Impersonal Pronoun
Abstract Pronoun lacking person referent. (Gil Francopoulo; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1426) More precisely, a form of pronoun that denotes the absence of a concrete or specific referent, e.g., German "man". As opposed to IndefinitePronoun, this referent is not just discourse-new, but generic or hypothetical.
SubClass Of
ImpersonalPassive G ImpersonalPassive Impersonal Passive
Abstract A Passive that alters the mapping of a nominal to the Subject relation in a basic intransitive structure (Klaiman 1991:23) (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/ImpersonalPassive)
SubClass Of
Impossible G Impossible Impossible
Abstract to denote something that cannot be considered as being correct in a given language
SubClass Of
InHouseRegister (in house register) G InHouseRegister In House Register
Abstract Register of terms that are company-specific and not readily recognized outside this environment. (ISO12620; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1993)
SubClass Of
InablativeCase G InablativeCase Inablative Case
Abstract InablativeCase expresses that the referent of the noun it marks is the location from within which another referent is moving. It has the meaning 'from within'. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Inablative)
SubClass Of
InallativeCase G InallativeCase Inallative Case
Abstract InallativeCase expresses that something is moving toward the region that is inside the referent of the noun it marks. It has the meaning 'towards in(side)'. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Inallative)
SubClass Of
Inanimate (inanimate) G Inanimate Inanimate
Abstract Perceived as not living. (ISO12620; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1952)
SubClass Of
InanimateGender G InanimateGender Inanimate Gender
Abstract One of the two grammatical genders, or noun classes, of Nishnaabemwin, the other being animate. Membership in the inanimate grammatical class is largely based on meaning, in that non-living things, such as objects of manufacture and natural 'non-living' things are included in it (Valentine 2001: 114). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Inanimate)
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
InceptiveAspect G InceptiveAspect Inceptive Aspect
Abstract InceptiveAspect, also called the ingressive, encodes the beginning portion of some event (Bybee 1985: 147, 149; Payne 1997: 240; Bhat 1999:176). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Inceptive)
SubClass Of
InchoativeAspect (inchoative) G InchoativeAspect Inchoative Aspect
Abstract Aspect that expresses the beginning of an event or state.
SubClass Of
Inclusive G Inclusive Inclusive
Abstract the form denoting that the addressee (addressees) are included into the set of their referents which contain also the speaker
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
InclusiveEmphaticParticle G InclusiveEmphaticParticle Inclusive Emphatic Particle
Abstract In Urdu, bh? is an emphatic particle meaning 'even'. In opposition to contrastive t? and exclusive h?, bh? is inclusive: maim *bh?* faisal? kar?m g? "I'll *also* make a decision" maim *h?* faisal? kar?m g? "*I'm the one who* will make the decision." (Schmidt 1999, p.237, http://purl.org/olia/emille.owl#InclusiveEmphaticParticle)
SubClass Of
IncorporatingAntipassive G IncorporatingAntipassive Incorporating Antipassive
Abstract Blocks the P or logical object (basic absolutive) nominal from being assigned Focus salience. This correlates with the P's morphosyntactic downgrading, whereby it becomes insusceptible to any informational salience assignment. (Klaiman 1991:236) (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/IncorporatingAntipassive)
SubClass Of
Indefinite G Indefinite Indefinite
Abstract An entity is specified as indefinite when it refers to a non-particularized individual of the species denoted by the noun. (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#indefinite) Indefinite noun phrases are used to refer to entities which are not specific and identifiable in a given context. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definiteness 20.11.06)
SubClass Of
IndefiniteCardinalQuantifier (indefinite cardinal numeral) G IndefiniteCardinalQuantifier Indefinite Cardinal Quantifier
Abstract ndefiniteCardinalNumeral: A word used to express imprecise quantity.
SubClass Of
IndefiniteArticle G IndefiniteArticle Indefinite Article
Abstract An indefinite article is used before singular nouns that refer to any member of a group. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_%28grammar%29 18.09.06)
SubClass Of
IndefiniteDeterminer G IndefiniteDeterminer Indefinite Determiner
Abstract An indefinite determiner is a determiner that expresses a referent's indefinite number or amount, i.e. "some", "any", "many". (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAQuantifier.htm 22.09.06) Note that here, a separate top-level class Quantifier has been introduced that covers expressions of number and amount as *semantic* concepts. Plural indefinite determiners are thus to be modeled as IndefiniteDeteriner and Quantifier.
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
IndefiniteMultiplicativeQuantifier G IndefiniteMultiplicativeQuantifier Indefinite Multiplicative Quantifier
Abstract A word indicating imprecise number of times something happened.
SubClass Of
IndefinitePronoun G IndefinitePronoun Indefinite Pronoun
Abstract An indefinite pronoun is a pronoun that belongs to a class whose members indicate indefinite reference. Examples in English are "anybody", "one", "somebody". (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAnIndefinitePronoun.htm 19.09.06)
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
IndefiniteQuantifier G IndefiniteQuantifier Indefinite Quantifier
Abstract In the Czech and Slovak MTE v4 specs, Numeral/Class="indefinite" are items meaning `several/some', etc. Strictly speaking, they are pronumerals (pro-quantifiers), but traditional descriptions don't recognise such a category, so they are described variously as pronouns or as numerals (because their syntactic distribution is that of numerals, or very close)." (Ivan A Derzhanski, email 2010/06/11, http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#IndefiniteQuantifier)
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
IndicativeMood G IndicativeMood Indicative Mood
Abstract The indicative is the unmarked mood. It is used when no special modal nuance in the clause or sentence is intended. It is the default mood of independent declarative and often also of interrogative sentences. (http://www.uni-erfurt.de/sprachwissenschaft/proxy.php?port=8080&file=lido/servlet/Lido_Servlet Indikativ 18.06.07) Expression of assertion. (Bybee 1985:22) Pertaining to the mood or mode of a verb form or clause such that it predicates a stated relation of objective fact (OED). (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#indicativeModality)
SubClass Of
IndicativeVerb G IndicativeVerb Indicative Verb
Abstract Indicative mood is used in factual statements. All intentions in speaking that a particular language does not put into another mood use the indicative. It is the most commonly used mood and is found in all languages. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_mood#Indicative_mood 19.09.06)
SubClass Of
IndirectObject G IndirectObject Indirect Object
Abstract An indirect object is a grammatical relation that is one means of expressing the semantic role of goal and other similar roles. It is proposed for languages in which the role is distinct from the direct object and the oblique object on the basis of multiple independent syntactic or morphological criteria, such as the following: (i) Having a particular case marking, commonly dative (ii) Governing an agreement affix on the verb, such as person or number (iii) Being distinct from oblique relations in that it may be relativized A noun, pronoun, or noun phrase indicating the recipient or beneficiary of the action of a verb and its direct object (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1310) Third argument of a ditransitive verb. Ditransitive recipient (Siewierska 2004:57). (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#R)
SubClass Of
InessiveCase G InessiveCase Inessive Case
Abstract InessiveCase expresses that the referent of the noun it marks is the location within which another referent exists. It has the meaning of 'within' or 'inside' (Lyons 1968: 299; Gove, et al. 1966: 1156; Crystal 1985: 156). X in Y. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Inessive)
SubClass Of
EmbeddedInfinitive (infinitival clause) G EmbeddedInfinitive Embedded Infinitive
Abstract An infinitive is the head of the embedded construction. (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#withInfinitiveAsHead) Infinitival relatives. See section 14 [Infinitives] for more information. (NP (NP a movie) (SBAR (WHNP-1 0) (S (NP-SBJ *) (VP to (VP see (NP *T*-1)))))) (Bies et al. 1995)
SubClass Of
Infinitive G Infinitive Infinitive
Abstract An infinitive is the base form of a verb. It is unmarked for inflectional categories such as the following: Aspect, Modality, Number, Person and Tense. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAnInfinitive.htm 19.09.06)
SubClass Of
InfinitiveParticle (infinitive particle) G InfinitiveParticle Infinitive Particle
Abstract Particle used to express infinitive. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1896)
SubClass Of
InfinitiveVerbPhrase G InfinitiveVerbPhrase Infinitive Verb Phrase
Abstract VGINF Infinitival Verb Chunk This tag is to mark the infinitival verb form. In Hindi, both, gerunds and infinitive forms of the verb end with a -nA suffix. Since both behave functionally in a similar manner, the distinction is not very clear. However, languages such as Bangla etc have two different forms for the two types. Examples from Bangla are given below. b8. Borabela ((snAna karA))_VGNN SorIrera pokze BAlo 'Morning' 'bath' 'do-verbal noun' 'health-gen' 'for' 'good' ?Taking bath in the early morning is good for health? b9. bindu Borabela ((snAna karawe))_VGINF BAlobAse 'Bindu' 'morning' 'bath' 'take-inf' 'love-3pr' ?Bindu likes to take bath in the early morning? In Bangla, the gerund form takes the suffix ?A / -Ano, while the infinitive marker is ?we. The syntactic distribution of these two forms of verbs is different. For example, the gerund form is allowed in the context of the word darakAra ?necessary? while the infinitive form is not, as exemplified below: b10 Borabela ((snAna karA))_VGNN darakAra 'Morning' 'bath' 'do-verbal noun' 'necessary' ?It is necessary to take bath in the early morning? b11. *Borabela ((snAna karawe))_VGINF darakAra Based on the above evidence from Bangla, the tag VGINF has been included to mark a verb chunk. (Akshar Bharati, Dipti Misra Sharma, Lakshmi Bai, Rajeev Sangal (2006), AnnCorra : Annotating Corpora. Guidelines For POS And Chunk Annotation For Indian Languages, Tech. Rep., L anguage Technologies Research Centre IIIT, Hyderabad, version of 15-12-2006, http://ltrc.iiit.ac.in/tr031/posguidelines.pdf)
SubClass Of
Infix (infix) G Infix Infix
Abstract Affix inserted in the middle of a word to change its meaning or part of speech value. (Sue Ellen Wright; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1313)
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
Inflected G Inflected Inflected
Abstract see subclasses
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
InflectedWithOvertMarker G InflectedWithOvertMarker Inflected With Overt Marker
Abstract An inflected form with overt morphological marking (as opposed to the base form and lexemes that do not inflect at all).
SubClass Of
InfrequentlyUsed (infrequently used) G InfrequentlyUsed Infrequently Used
Abstract Said of a term that does not appear frequently. (ISO12620; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1985)
SubClass Of
ing G ing ing
Abstract English verb forms ending in '-ing' that represent either Gerunds or Participles.
SubClass Of
Initial G Initial Initial
Abstract When two distinct words occur, as in German "weder...noch...", then the first is given the Initial value. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node18.html#oav1av 17.11.06)
SubClass Of
InitialCoordinatingConjunction G InitialCoordinatingConjunction Initial Coordinating Conjunction
Abstract When two distinct words occur, as in German "weder...noch...", then the first is given the Initial value. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node18.html#oav1av 17.11.06)
SubClass Of
InitialField G InitialField Initial Field
Abstract In a German clause, the finite verb can appear in three different positions: verb-second, verb-initial, and verb-final. Only in verb-final clauses the verb complex consisting of the finite verb and non-finite verbal elements forms a unit. The discontinuous positioning of the verbal elements in verb-first and verb-second clauses is the traditional reason for structuring German clauses into fields. The positions of the verbal elements form the Satzklammer (sentence bracket) which divides the sentence into a Vorfeld (initial field), a Mittelfeld (middle field), and a Nachfeld (final field). The Vorfeld and the Mittelfeld are divided by the linke Satzklammer (left sentence bracket), which is the finite verb, the rechte Satzklammer (right sentence bracket) is the verb complex between the Mittelfeld and the Nachfeld. (Telljohann et al. 2009, p.13)
SubClass Of
Initialism G Initialism Initialism
SubClass Of
InstrumentalCase G InstrumentalCase Instrumental Case
Abstract InstrumentalCase indicates that the referent of the noun it marks is the means of the accomplishment of the action expressed by the clause (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Instrumental)
SubClass Of
InstrumentNoun G InstrumentNoun Instrument Noun
Abstract noun expressing an instrument of the action
InstrumentRole G InstrumentRole Instrument Role
Abstract SemanticRole added in conformance with TIGER
SubClass Of
Intensifier G Intensifier Intensifier
Abstract For Hindi, words like 'bahuta', 'kama', etc. when intensifying adjectives or adverbs will be annotated as INTF. Example, h37. hEdarAbAda meM aMgUra bahuta_INTF acche milate hEM 'HyderabAd' 'in' 'grapes' 'very' 'good' 'available' 'are' ?Very good grapes are available in Hyderabad? (Bharati et al. 2006) Akshar Bharati, Dipti Misra Sharma, Lakshmi Bai, Rajeev Sangal (2006), AnnCorra : Annotating Corpora. Guidelines For POS And Chunk Annotation For Indian Languages, Tech. Rep., L anguage Technologies Research Centre IIIT, Hyderabad, version of 15-12-2006, http://ltrc.iiit.ac.in/tr031/posguidelines.pdf
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
IntensiveNoun G IntensiveNoun Intensive Noun
Abstract noun that emphasizes another noun
SubClass Of
InterablativeCase G InterablativeCase Interablative Case
Abstract InterablativeCase expresses that the referent of the noun it marks is the location from between which another referent is moving. It has the meaning 'from inbetween'. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Interablative)
SubClass Of
InterallativeCase G InterallativeCase Interallative Case
Abstract InterallativeCase expresses that something is moving toward the region that is in the middle of the referent of the noun it marks. It has the meaning 'towards the middle of'. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Interallative)
SubClass Of
InteressiveCase G InteressiveCase Interessive Case
Abstract InteressiveCase expresses that the referent of the noun it marks is the location between which another referent exists. It has the meaning of 'between'. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Interessive)
SubClass Of
Interjection G Interjection Interjection
Abstract An interjection is a form, typically brief, such as one syllable or word, which is used most often as an exclamation or part of an exclamation. It typically expresses an emotional reaction, often with respect to an accompanying sentence and may include a combination of sounds not otherwise found in the language, e.g. in English: psst; ugh; well, well (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAnInterjection.htm 19.09.06)
SubClass Of
InterlativeCase G InterlativeCase Interlative Case
Abstract InterlativeCase expresses that the referent of the noun it marks is the location between which another referent is moving. It has the meaning 'to the middle of'. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Interlative)
SubClass Of
InterminativeCase G InterminativeCase Interminative Case
Abstract 'into in(side of)'. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Interminative)
SubClass Of
InterrogativeCardinalQuantifier (interrogative cardinal numeral) G InterrogativeCardinalQuantifier Interrogative Cardinal Quantifier
Abstract interrogativeCardinalNumeral: An interrogative/relative word used to ask about quantity.
SubClass Of
InterrogativeParticle (interrogative particle) G InterrogativeParticle Interrogative Particle
Abstract Particle used to express a question. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1921)
SubClass Of
QuestionMark (interrogative point) G QuestionMark Question Mark
Abstract Sign used to express a question. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1444)
SubClass Of
InterrogativePunctuation (interrogative punctuation) G InterrogativePunctuation Interrogative Punctuation
Abstract Punctuation used when the sentence is interrogative. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2087)
SubClass Of
InterrogativeAdverb G InterrogativeAdverb Interrogative Adverb
Abstract Interrogative adverbs are used to introduce questions, e.g. "When are you coming?" (Angelika Adam)
SubClass Of
InterrogativeDeterminer G InterrogativeDeterminer Interrogative Determiner
Abstract A interrogative is a function word used to introduce an interrogative clause. E.g. "which", "what", "whose" (interrogative possessive determiner) are interrogative determiner in English. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interrogative_word 02.05.07)
SubClass Of
InterrogativeModality G InterrogativeModality Interrogative Modality
Abstract The interrogative modality serves to indicate interrogative quality. (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#interrogativeModality)
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
InterrogativeMultiplicativeQuantifier G InterrogativeMultiplicativeQuantifier Interrogative Multiplicative Quantifier
Abstract An interrogative/relative word used to ask about the number of times something happened.
SubClass Of
InterrogativePronoun G InterrogativePronoun Interrogative Pronoun
Abstract A interrogative pronoun is a pro-form that is used in questions in place of the item questioned for. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAnInterrogativeProForm.htm 19.09.06)
SubClass Of
InterrogativeQuantifier G InterrogativeQuantifier Interrogative Quantifier
Abstract In the Czech and Slovak MTE v4 pecs, Numeral/Class="interrogative" are items meaning `how many/much', etc. Strictly speaking, they are pronumerals (pro-quantifiers), but traditional descriptions don't recognise such a category, so they are described variously as pronouns or as numerals (because their syntactic distribution is that of numerals, or very close)." (Ivan A Derzhanski, email 2010/06/11, http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#InterrogativeQuantifier)
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
InterterminativeCase G InterterminativeCase Interterminative Case
Abstract InterterminativeCase expresses the notion of something moving into the middle of the referent of the noun it marks, but not through it. It has the meaning 'into the middle of'. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Interminative)
SubClass Of
IntertranslativeCase G IntertranslativeCase Intertranslative Case
Abstract IntertranslativeCase expresses the notion of something moving along a trajectory between the referent of the noun it marks. It has the meaning 'along the in between. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Intertranslative)
SubClass Of
Intransitive G Intransitive Intransitive
Abstract A predicate/verb that takes one argument, e.g., English "to go", cf. van Valin and Lapolla (1997).
SubClass Of
IntransitiveSubject G IntransitiveSubject Intransitive Subject
Abstract Intransitive argument (S), single argument of an intransitive verb or only argument in a one-place predicate (frame). (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#S)
SubClass Of
IntranslativeCase G IntranslativeCase Intranslative Case
Abstract IntranslativeCase expresses the notion of something moving through the referent of the noun it marks. It has the meaning 'along through'. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Intranslative)
SubClass Of
InverseVoice G InverseVoice Inverse Voice
Abstract Signals when actions proceed from ontologically less salient to more salient participants (Klaiman 1991:32) (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/InverseVoice)
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
InvertedComma (inverted comma) G InvertedComma Inverted Comma
Abstract Inverted comma. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1443)
SubClass Of
InvertedQuestionMark (inverted question mark) G InvertedQuestionMark Inverted Question Mark
Abstract Punctuation used in certain languages at the beginning of an interrogative sentence. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2088)
SubClass Of
IronicRegister (ironic register) G IronicRegister Ironic Register
Abstract Register for irony. (12620; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1994)
SubClass Of
IrrealisModality G IrrealisModality Irrealis Modality
Abstract Irrealis modality indicates the situation to which it pertains is non-actual or non-factual. (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#irrealisModality)
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
IrrealisMood G IrrealisMood Irrealis Mood
Abstract Irrealis modality indicates the situation to which it pertains is non-actual or non-factual. (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#irrealisModality)
SubClass Of
PersonalPronoun (irreflexive personal pronoun) G PersonalPronoun Personal Pronoun
Abstract A personal pronoun is a pronoun that expresses a distinction of person deixis. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAPersonalPronoun.htm 19.09.06) Note that (despite the SIL definition), an olia:PersonalPronoun refers to irreflexive personal pronouns. Personal pronoun categories without reflexivity sensitivity should be mapped onto olia:PersReflPronoun. (CC)
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
ItCleft G ItCleft It Cleft
Abstract -CLF (cleft) ? marks it-clefts (?true? clefts) and may be added to the labels S, SINV, or SQ. See section 16 [Clefts]. (SQ-CLF Was (NP-SBJ it) (NP-PRD (NP John's) car) (SBAR (WHNP-6 0) (S (NP-SBJ you) (VP borrowed (NP *T*-6)))) ?) (Bies et al. 1995) S-CLF (it-cleft or ?true? cleft) Declarative it-clefts are labeled S-CLF, expletive it is tagged as the surface subject (-SBJ), the SBAR is attached at VP-level, and a trace is coindexed to the wh-complementizer of the clefted portion. (See section 16 [Clefts] for more information.) (Bies et al. 1995)
SubClass Of
IterativeAspect G IterativeAspect Iterative Aspect
Abstract IterativeAspect, also called repetitives, encodes a number of events of the same type that are repeated on a particular occasion. The time interval which is relevant to the iterative is relatively shorter than in the case of the habitual (Bybee 1985: 150; Bybee, Perkins and Pagliuca 1994: 127). Portrays events repeated on the same occasion (like the iterative knocking on the door) (Bhat 1999: 53) (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Iterative)
SubClass Of
LativeCase G LativeCase Lative Case
Abstract LativeCase expresses 'motion up to the location of,' or 'as far as' the referent of the noun it marks (Pei and Gaynor 1954: 121; Gove, et al. 1966: 1277). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Lative)
SubClass Of
LayoutElement G LayoutElement Layout Element
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
LeftDislocationField G LeftDislocationField Left Dislocation Field
Abstract The German Linksversetzungsfeld is a field for the left-dislocated phrase of resumptive constructions. A Linksversetzung is a pendent constituent. It can be regarded as a syntactic anticipation of a part of a sentence (Telljohann et al. 2009, p.16)
SubClass Of
LeftParentheticalPunctuation G LeftParentheticalPunctuation Left Parenthetical Punctuation
Abstract Beginning of a paired punctuation. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2078)
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
LeftSentenceBracket G LeftSentenceBracket Left Sentence Bracket
Abstract In a German clause, the finite verb can appear in three different positions: verb-second, verb-initial, and verb-final. Only in verb-final clauses the verb complex consisting of the finite verb and non-finite verbal elements forms a unit. The discontinuous positioning of the verbal elements in verb-first and verb-second clauses is the traditional reason for structuring German clauses into fields. The positions of the verbal elements form the Satzklammer (sentence bracket) which divides the sentence into a Vorfeld (initial field), a Mittelfeld (middle field), and a Nachfeld (final field). The Vorfeld and the Mittelfeld are divided by the linke Satzklammer (left sentence bracket), which is the finite verb, the rechte Satzklammer (right sentence bracket) is the verb complex between the Mittelfeld and the Nachfeld. (Telljohann et al. 2009, p.13)
SubClass Of
Letter (letter) G Letter Letter
Abstract Letter. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1889)
SubClass Of
LetterNumeral G LetterNumeral Letter Numeral
Abstract Numeral expressed with letters.
SubClass Of
Lexeme (lexeme) G Lexeme Lexeme
Abstract Minimal unit of language which : has a semantic interpretation and embodies a distinct cultural concept. (www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsALexeme.htm; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1325)
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
LexicalUnit G LexicalUnit Lexical Unit
Abstract A LexicalUnit is a grammatical expression that is known to the speakers of that language as a conventional expression of a particular concept. It consists of a single lexeme or a conventional combination of lexemes with certain unchangeable characteristics (CC).
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
LightVerb G LightVerb Light Verb
Abstract In linguistics, a light verb is a verb participating in complex predication that has little semantic content of its own, but provides through inflection some details on the event semantics, such as aspect, mood, or tense. The semantics of the compound, as well as its argument structure, are determined by the head or primary component of the compound, which may be a verb or noun (V+V or V+N compounds). Other names for "light verb" include: vector verb or explicator verb, emphasising its role within the compound; or thin verb or semantically weak verb, emphasising (as with "light") its lack of semantics. A "semantically weak" verb is not to be confused with a "weak verb" as in the Germanic weak inflection. Light verbs are similar to auxiliary verbs in some ways. Most English light verbs occur in V+N forms sometimes called "stretched verbs": for example, take in take a nap, where the primary sense is provided by "nap", and "take" is the light verb. The light verbs most common in these constructions are also common in phrasal verbs. A verb which is "light" in one context may be "heavy" in another: as with "take" in I will take a book to read. Examples in other languages include the Yiddish geb in geb a helf (literally give a help, "help"); the French faire in faire semblant (lit. make seeming, "pretend"); the Hindi nikal paRA (lit. leave fall, "start to leave"); and the b? construction in Chinese.[1] Some verbs are found in many such expressions; to reuse an earlier example, take is found in take a nap, take a shower, take a sip, take a bow, take turns, and so on. Light verbs are extremely common in Indo-Iranian languages, Japanese, and other languages in which verb compounding is a primary mechanism for marking aspectual distinctions. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_verb)
SubClass Of
ListMarker G ListMarker List Marker
Abstract LST ? List marker. (Bies et al. 1995)
SubClass Of
LocationAdverb G LocationAdverb Location Adverb
SubClass Of
LocationalCase G LocationalCase Locational Case
Abstract Category of case that denotes that the referent of the noun it marks is a location. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Locational)
SubClass Of
LocationRole G LocationRole Location Role
Abstract Semantic role for the final location of action or a time of the action. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1326) Adverbials that indicate place/setting of the event. (PP-LOC on (NP the moon)) May also indicate metaphorical location: (PP-LOC amongst (NP yourselves)) (Bies et al. 1995)
SubClass Of
LocativeCase (locative case) G LocativeCase Locative Case
Abstract Case that indicates a final location of action or a time of the action. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1326)
SubClass Of
LocativePassive G LocativePassive Locative Passive
Abstract An oblique locative nominal assumes the subject relation. (Klaiman 1991:17) (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/LocativePassive)
SubClass Of
LocativePronoun G LocativePronoun Locative Pronoun
Abstract A Locative pronoun is a pronoun, which locates the object of a noun or place of anything. ? ?? ??? ?? ? ?? N?[LP] Ph?ntsho'ling-lu Sh? 'Come here at Phuntsholing' (http://panl10n.net/english/Outputs%20Phase%202/CCs/Bhutan/Papers/2007/0701/PartOfSpeech.pdf)
SubClass Of
Macron (macron) G Macron Macron
Abstract Mark placed over a long vowel to mark quantity. (www.southwestern.edu/~carlg/Latin_Web/glossary.html; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1327)
SubClass Of
MainPunctuation (main punctuation) G MainPunctuation Main Punctuation
Abstract Punctuation that is more important than a secondary punctuation with regards to sentence splitting in a text. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2075)
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
MainVerb (main verb) G MainVerb Main Verb
Abstract Main verb in contrast to a modal or an auxiliary. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1400) verb which has its own semantics (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3004, plainVerb)
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
MainClause G MainClause Main Clause
Abstract MainClause is the class of clauses that can stand on their own as a full, independent sentence. If a sentence contains any embedded clauses, the main clause is understood as the matrix plus the embedded clauses. In the sentence 'John thinks that Mary is sick', 'John thinks that Mary is sick' is the main clause [Crystal 2001, 231]. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/MainClause) The independent clause can stand by itself as a grammatically viable simple sentence. Multiple independent clauses can be joined (usually with a comma and a coordinating conjunction) to form a compound sentence (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#mainClause with reference to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clause).
SubClass Of
MalefactiveCase G MalefactiveCase Malefactive Case
Abstract Opposite of BenefactiveCase; used when the marked noun is negatively affected in the clause. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Malefactive)
SubClass Of
MalefactorRole G MalefactorRole Malefactor Role
Abstract A maleficiary (malefactor) instantiates the role of an entity (usually animate) who stands to undergoe a misfortune, or be at a disadvantage in some way from the event. (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#maleficiaryRole)
SubClass Of
MannerNoun (manner noun) G MannerNoun Manner Noun
Abstract noun expressing a manner
MannerAdverb G MannerAdverb Manner Adverb
SubClass Of
MannerRole G MannerRole Manner Role
Abstract Manner applies to constituents that denote how something is carried out. Adverbs may also denote manner, however, they are not annotated at any of the syntactic layers. (Dipper et al. 2007, ?5.3.11)
SubClass Of
Masculine G Masculine Masculine
Abstract Masculine gender is a grammatical gender that marks nouns, articles, pronouns, etc. having human or animal male referents, and often marks nouns having referents that do not have distinctions of sex. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/glossaryoflinguisticterms/WhatIsMasculineGender.htm 17.11.06)
SubClass Of
Masdar (masdar) G Masdar Masdar
Abstract property that expresses a verbal idea under an abstract form. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2224) the verbal noun present in Arabic and various Caucasian languages, such as Georgian and North-Caucasian languages. This grammatical term is an Arabic word, used later as a specialized, technical term to name the verbal noun in Arabic and Caucasian grammar. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masdar)
SubClass Of
MassNoun G MassNoun Mass Noun
Abstract A mass noun (also uncountable noun or non-count noun) can't be modified by a numeral, occur in singular/plural or co-occur with the relevant kind of determiner. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_noun 19.09.06)
MeasureArgument G MeasureArgument Measure Argument
Abstract added in conformance with TIGER
SubClass Of
MediopassiveVoice G MediopassiveVoice Mediopassive Voice
Abstract voice which subsumes both the middle voice and the passive voice
SubClass Of
MentalAbilitiveModality G MentalAbilitiveModality Mental Abilitive Modality
Abstract MentalAbilitiveModality indicates that an agent has the capacity to perform some mental action [Bybee, Perkins and Pagliuca 1994: 192; Palmer 2001: 77].
SubClass Of
MiddleField G MiddleField Middle Field
Abstract In a German clause, the finite verb can appear in three different positions: verb-second, verb-initial, and verb-final. Only in verb-final clauses the verb complex consisting of the finite verb and non-finite verbal elements forms a unit. The discontinuous positioning of the verbal elements in verb-first and verb-second clauses is the traditional reason for structuring German clauses into fields. The positions of the verbal elements form the Satzklammer (sentence bracket) which divides the sentence into a Vorfeld (initial field), a Mittelfeld (middle field), and a Nachfeld (final field). The Vorfeld and the Mittelfeld are divided by the linke Satzklammer (left sentence bracket), which is the finite verb, the rechte Satzklammer (right sentence bracket) is the verb complex between the Mittelfeld and the Nachfeld. (Telljohann et al. 2009, p.13)
SubClass Of
MiddleVoice G MiddleVoice Middle Voice
Abstract A verb that appears active but expresses a passive action may be called middle voice, e.g. 'The chicken cooked in the oven'. In Greek the middle voice is often reflexive expressing a causative reading or that the action is performed for one's own benefit. (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#middleVoice)
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
MixedInflection G MixedInflection Mixed Inflection
Abstract German mixed inflection takes its name from the fact that it has endings from both the strong inflection and the weak inflection. The mixed inflection is used after the indefinite article "ein" and after "irgendein" e.g. "(irgend) ein kleines Kind", after "kein" or after possessive pronouns e.g. "ihr kleines Kind". (http://www.canoo.net/services/OnlineGrammar/Wort/Adjektiv/Deklinationstyp/Gemischt.html?MenuId=Word3132 20.11.06) Mixed inflection is a characteristic of lexemes, not individual tokens.
SubClass Of
ModalParticle (modal particle) G ModalParticle Modal Particle
Abstract Particle which functions as a modal. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1920)
SubClass Of
ModalityMarkingAdverb G ModalityMarkingAdverb Modality Marking Adverb
Abstract A modality-marking adverb is a verbal particle that serves to indicate mood, aspect and/or tense (cf. Schmidt 1999). Note that this is not to be confused with the conventional meaning of "modal adverb" in the sense of "manner adverb" (cf. http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:English_modal_adverbs), hence the uncommon name. Ruth Laila Schmidt (1999) Urdu, an essential grammar, Routledge, London.
SubClass Of
ModalVerb G ModalVerb Modal Verb
Abstract Verb form that is usually used with another verb to express ideas such as possibilities, permission, or intention. (Gil Francopoulo; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1329) A modal verb (also modal, modal auxiliary verb, modal auxiliary) is a type of auxiliary verb that is used to indicate modality. The use of auxiliary verbs to express modality is characteristic of Germanic languages. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modal_verb 19.09.06) In addition to main and auxiliary verbs, it may be useful (e.g. in English) to recognise an intermediate category of semi-auxiliary for such verbs as be going to, have got to, ought to. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node18.html#oav1v 20.09.06) The auxiliaries in English subdivide into the primary verbs `be', `have', and `do', which can also function as main verbs, and the modal auxiliaries such as `can', `will', and `would', which are uninflected, and always function as auxiliaries. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/morphsyn/node158.html#SECTION00054800000000000000)
SubClass Of
ModernUsage (modern) G ModernUsage Modern Usage
Abstract Currently in use. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1962)
SubClass Of
Modifier G Modifier Modifier
Abstract added in conformance with TIGER
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
ModifierAdverb G ModifierAdverb Modifier Adverb
Abstract Adverb/Type="modifier" is used in the English, Romanian and Hungarian MTE v4 specs. For Romanian, Adverb/Type="modifier" applies to adverbs which can have predicative role, that is they can govern a subordinate sentence (ex. Fire?te c? o ?tiu -- Certainly I know it). Here (for uniformity within a multilingual environment), they are squeezed into the modifier class. (MTE v4) e.g., better (en) (http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#ModifierAdverb)
SubClass Of
Morpheme (morpheme) G Morpheme Morpheme
Abstract A morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit in the grammar of a language. (www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAMorpheme.htm; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1330)
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
MorphologicalParticle G MorphologicalParticle Morphological Particle
Abstract added in accordance with TIGER MorphologicalParticle
SubClass Of
Multal (multal number) G Multal Multal
Abstract Multal is a number property that refers to a large number of individuals.
SubClass Of
MultipleNumeral (multiplicative numeral) G MultipleNumeral Multiple Numeral
Abstract A Multiple Numeral serves to define a complex whole, with respect to the number of its parts, e.g., English "twofold", "twice" or "manyfold". Used in morphosyntactic descriptions of, e.g., Romanian, Slovak and Czech. (Joseph Ghostwick [1878], English language -- Grammar, Historical, London, Longmans, Green, and Co.; http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#MultipleNumeral)
SubClass Of
MultiplicativeCase G MultiplicativeCase Multiplicative Case
Abstract A case used in the Hungarian MULTEXT-East scheme, e.g., tizennegyedszer/tizennegyed, tucatszor/tucat, t?zezredszer/t?zezred (hu) (http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#MultiplicativeCase)
SubClass Of
MultiplicativeMarker G MultiplicativeMarker Multiplicative Marker
Abstract In Urdu, multiplicative numerals are formed by adding the suffix gun? (Schmidt 1999, p. 260,http://purl.org/olia/emille.owl#MultiplicativeMarker)
SubClass Of
NamedEntity (named entity) G NamedEntity Named Entity
Abstract segment of text for which one or many rigid designators stands for the referent (Gil Francopoulo; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2275)
SubClass Of
NearFuture G NearFuture Near Future
Abstract adopted from GOLD, no definition given there (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/NearFuture)
SubClass Of
NecessitativePassive G NecessitativePassive Necessitative Passive
Abstract A passive in Irish in which the preposition "with" is used, and a semantic meaning of necessity is added. (Noonan 1994:280) (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/NecessitativePassive)
SubClass Of
Negation (negative) G Negation Negation
Abstract denotes the negation or the absence (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1839) http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#Negated: Negative="yes" encodes negative verbal word-forms in Slavic languages and Estonian. (MTE v4) In Slovak, for example, verbs form negative by prefix 'ne-', with the exception of the verb "by?" (E. "to be") which forms the negative in indicative by using separate particle "nie", e.g. "nie je" (is not). Here, Slovak "je" would be marked as negative, despite having positive form. In Resian, negative is always marked as 'n' except for two verbs: 'n?man' / not to have, 'n?si' / not to be. (MTE v4)
SubClass Of
NegativeParticle (negative particle) G NegativeParticle Negative Particle
Abstract Particle used to express negation. (Gil Francopoulo; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1894)
SubClass Of
NegativePronoun (negative pronoun) G NegativePronoun Negative Pronoun
Abstract Pronoun used in a context of a negation or for expressing a negation. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1925)
SubClass Of
NegativeAdverb G NegativeAdverb Negative Adverb
Abstract Adverb/Type="negative" are used in the Serbian and Romanian MTE v4 specs, e.g., for Romanian nic?ieri - nowhere, niciodat? - never. (MTE v4) (http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#NegativeAdverb)
SubClass Of
NegativeDeterminer G NegativeDeterminer Negative Determiner
Abstract Determiner/Type="negative" (Romanian)
In Romanian the negative determiner is expressed by the unit nici + indefinite article (e.g. nici un, nici o). (MTE v4) e.g., nici-o/nici_un, nici_o/nici_un, nici_un, nici_unei/nici_un, nici_unii/nici_un, nici_unor/nici_un, nici_unui/nici_un (http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#NegativeDeterminer)
SubClass Of
Neuter G Neuter Neuter
Abstract Neuter gender is a grammatical gender that includes those nouns, articles, pronouns, etc. having referents which do not have distinctions of sex, and often includes some which do have a natural sex distinction. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/glossaryoflinguisticterms/WhatIsNeuterGender.htm 17.11.06)
SubClass Of
NeutralRegister (neutral register) G NeutralRegister Neutral Register
Abstract The register appropriate to general texts or discourse. (ISO12620; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1999)
SubClass Of
Nominal G Nominal Nominal
Abstract -NOM (nominal) ? marks free (?headless?) relatives and gerunds when they act nominally. (See section 9 [WH-Phrases] for more information about free relatives, and section 13 [Gerunds and Participles] for more information about gerunds.) (Bies et al. 1995)
SubClass Of
NominalizedVerb G NominalizedVerb Nominalized Verb
Abstract A non-finite embedded construction which contains features with nominal properties (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#withNominalProperites, with reference to Dik 1997)
SubClass Of
NominalNumber G NominalNumber Nominal Number
Abstract Nominal numbers are used to identify or refer the things. It does not show the quantity or rank. Example: ?????? ????????? ??????? ???? ???????? ???? NGIGI DRUELTHRIN ANGDRANG 'DI 17649037 INN my mobile number is 17649037 be ? My mobile number is 17649037.? (Jurmey Rabgay, email Sep 20, 2010, http://purl.org/olia/dzongkha.owl#NominalNumber)
SubClass Of
NominalPredicate G NominalPredicate Nominal Predicate
Abstract A nominal predicate (noun or adjective), either with or without copula. The term nominal predicate may be used for the complements of further copulative verbs (cf. small clauses), e.g. "consider", "call", etc. (Dipper et al. 2007, ?4.3.5)
SubClass Of
Nominative G Nominative Nominative
Abstract In nominative-accusative languages, nominative case marks clausal subjects and is applies to nouns in isolation. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/glossaryoflinguisticterms/WhatIsNominativeCase.htm 17.11.06)
SubClass Of
NonabsolutiveAntipassive G NonabsolutiveAntipassive Nonabsolutive Antipassive
Abstract An Antipassive in which the P or logical object is overtly downgraded. (Klaiman 1991:232) (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/NonabsolutiveAntipassive)
SubClass Of
NonAgentiveVerb G NonAgentiveVerb Non Agentive Verb
Abstract A non-agentive verb is a type of verb, which indicates an action without the doer. Example: ???? ? ?? ?? 'lungma phur-d? 'A wind is blowing' (http://panl10n.net/english/Outputs%20Phase%202/CCs/Bhutan/Papers/2007/0701/PartOfSpeech.pdf)
SubClass Of
NonEmphatic G NonEmphatic Non Emphatic
Abstract In languages where emphasis can be grammatically marked, the unmarked form would be considered NonEmphatic, see #Emphatic
SubClass Of
NonFiniteEmbeddedConstruction G NonFiniteEmbeddedConstruction Non Finite Embedded Construction
Abstract An embedded construction which contains a non-finite verb form (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#non-finiteEmbeddedConstruction with reference to Dik 1997)
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
NonFiniteVerb G NonFiniteVerb Non Finite Verb
Abstract Verb forms occurring on their own only in dependent clauses and lacking tense and mood contrasts. (adapted from Crystal 2003; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1332) A non-finite verb is a verb that is not fully inflected for categories that are marked inflectionally in a language, such as the following: Tense, Aspect, Modality, Number, Person. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsANonfiniteVerb.htm 19.09.06)
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
NonfiniteVerbPhrase G NonfiniteVerbPhrase Nonfinite Verb Phrase
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
NonInitial G NonInitial Non Initial
Abstract When two distinct words occur, as in German weder...noch..., then the second is given the Non-initial value. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node18.html#oav1av 17.11.06)
SubClass Of
NonInitialCoordinatingConjunction G NonInitialCoordinatingConjunction Non Initial Coordinating Conjunction
Abstract When two distinct words occur, as in German weder...noch..., then the second is given the Non-initial value. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node18.html#oav1av 17.11.06)
SubClass Of
NonInversePassive G NonInversePassive Non Inverse Passive
Abstract An agent-demoting voice construction where the realization of the demoted agent is not obligatory (against Inverse). In terminological systems that distinguish "InverseVoice" from "Passive" (e.g., Givon, 1988), this is the "Passive" concept. (Ch. Chiarcos) Associated with actions performed on the subject by an unspecified agent. (McIntosh 1984:108) Refers to the category of verb forms, typically identifies with a specific morphological marking, that encode the derived diatheses in which the agent role is not linked with a subject noun phrase (Shibatani 1995:7) (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Passive)
SubClass Of
NonNegated G NonNegated Non Negated
Abstract Non-negated verbs carry no morphological marks of negation. In Resian, negative is always marked as 'no' except for two verbs: 'n?man' / not to have, 'n?si' / not to be. In Slovak, verbs form negative by prefix 'ne-', with the exception of the verb "by?" (E. "to be") which forms the negative in indicative by using separate particle "nie", e.g. "nie je" (is not). Here, "je" would be marked as negative, despite having positive form. (MTE v4, http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#NonNegated)
SubClass Of
NonpromotionalInverseVoice G NonpromotionalInverseVoice Nonpromotional Inverse Voice
Abstract Involves demotion of the non-topical obviate-agent from subjecthood. (Givon 1994:24) (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/NonpromotionalInverse)
SubClass Of
NonreducedInflection G NonreducedInflection Nonreduced Inflection
Abstract Nonreduced adjective inflection of Slavic languages, e.g., Czech nejubo?ej??mi/uboh?, nejvysp?lej??ch/vysp?l?, nejvy???ch/vysok?, nejvzne?en?j??mu/vzne?en?, nejv??n?j??mu/v??n?, nejv?znamn?j??ch/v?znamn?, nejv?znamn?j??mi/v?znamn?, nejv?znamn?j??mu/v?znamn?, nejv?t??mi/velk? (http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#CompoundAdjective)
SubClass Of
NonReflexive G NonReflexive Non Reflexive
Abstract A non-reflexive verb is a verb whose semantic agent and patient (typically represented syntactically by the subject and the direct object) are not the same. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflexive_verbs 20.11.06)
SubClass Of
NonSeparable G NonSeparable Non Separable
Abstract Non-separable verbs are not composed of a verb stem and a separable affix. (cf. SeparabilityFeature: Separable)
SubClass Of
Nonspecific G Nonspecific Nonspecific
Abstract "By ?specific? and ?non-specific? I intend the difference between the two readings of English indefinites like (3): (3) I?m looking for a deer. In the specific reading there is a particular deer, say Bambi, that I am looking for. In the non-specific reading I will be happy to find any deer. Von Heusinger (2002) likes the test in English of inserting ?certain? after the ?a? to fix the specific reading. In either reading of (3) a deer is being introduced as a new discourse referent. This is opposed to ?definite? which requires a previous pragmatic instantiation as in ?I?m looking for the deer.? In English both the readings of (3) are indefinite. In Klallam, the specific demonstratives are neither definite nor indefinite." (Montler, Timothy. 2007. Klallam demonstratives. Papers ICSNL XLVII. The 42nd International Conference on Salish and Neighbouring Language, pp. 409-425. University of British Columbia Working Papers in Linguistics, Volume 20; on specific vs. nonspecific determiners in Klallam, a Salish language, http://montler.net/papers/KlallamDemons.pdf) A nonspecific pronoun refers to an unidentified or general entity (e.g., "I saw *someone*", "I saw *everyone*"). A nonspecific pronoun is not, therefore, a personal pronoun, but an indefinite one. (Andrews 2003). Andrews, Richard J. (2003), Introduction to Classical Nahuatl. University of Oklahoma Press. Halliday, M.A.K. (1985), An introduction to Functional Grammar, London: Edward Arnold (http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#NonspecificPronoun)
SubClass Of
NonspecificArticle (nonspecific determiner) G NonspecificArticle Nonspecific Article
Abstract "By ?specific? and ?non-specific? I intend the difference between the two readings of English indefinites like (3): (3) I?m looking for a deer. In the specific reading there is a particular deer, say Bambi, that I am looking for. In the non-specific reading I will be happy to find any deer. Von Heusinger (2002) likes the test in English of inserting ?certain? after the ?a? to fix the specific reading. In either reading of (3) a deer is being introduced as a new discourse referent. This is opposed to ?definite? which requires a previous pragmatic instantiation as in ?I?m looking for the deer.? In English both the readings of (3) are indefinite. In Klallam, the specific demonstratives are neither definite nor indefinite." (Montler, Timothy. 2007. Klallam demonstratives. Papers ICSNL XLVII. The 42nd International Conference on Salish and Neighbouring Language, pp. 409-425. University of British Columbia Working Papers in Linguistics, Volume 20; on specific vs. nonspecific determiners in Klallam, a Salish language, http://montler.net/papers/KlallamDemons.pdf)
SubClass Of
NonspecificPronoun G NonspecificPronoun Nonspecific Pronoun
Abstract In the Russian MTE v4 specs, Pronoun/Type="nonspecific" marks the following Russian words: ???? 'all', ?????? 'any, every', ??? 'oneself', ????? 'the very', ?????? 'every, each', ???? 'other', ????? 'any', ?????? 'other'. The name "nonspecific" follows Halliday (1985, Section 6.2.1.1). (MTE v4) A nonspecific pronoun refers to an unidentified or general entity (e.g., "I saw *someone*", "I saw *everyone*"). A nonspecific pronoun is not, therefore, a personal pronoun, but an indefinite one. (Andrews 2003). Andrews, Richard J. (2003), Introduction to Classical Nahuatl. University of Oklahoma Press. Halliday, M.A.K. (1985), An introduction to Functional Grammar, London: Edward Arnold (http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#NonspecificPronoun)
SubClass Of
NotTemporallyAnchored G NotTemporallyAnchored Not Temporally Anchored
Abstract To be used for actions that are not bound to a particular reference point.
SubClass Of
Noun (noun) G Noun Noun olia_top_CountabilityFeature Countability Feature (olia_top) Noun->olia_top_CountabilityFeature hasCountability
Abstract A noun, or noun substantive, is a part of speech (a word or phrase) which can co-occur with (in)definite articles and attributive adjectives, and function as the head of a noun phrase. The word "noun" derives from the Latin 'nomen' meaning "name", and a traditional definition of nouns is that they are all and only those expressions that refer to a person, place, thing, event, substance, quality, idea or an appointment. They serve as the subject or object of a verb, and the object of a preposition. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noun 19.09.06)
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
NounHeadedPhrase G NounHeadedPhrase Noun Headed Phrase
Abstract A NounHeadedPhrase takes a nominal as its (semantic) head. Introduced as a generalization over NounPhrase and PrepositionalPhrase for reasons of consistency with dependency parsers like Connexor where this differentiation is not made.
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
NounPhrase G NounPhrase Noun Phrase
Abstract NounPhrase is the class of phrases that have nouns as heads. They can play the role of subject in a main clause. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/NounPhrase)
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
NucleonicMiddle G NucleonicMiddle Nucleonic Middle
Abstract Object of action belongs to. Moves into, or moves from sphere of subject. (Siewierska 1988:257) (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/NucleonicMiddle)
SubClass Of
Numeral (numeral) G Numeral Numeral
Abstract A numeral is a word, functioning most typically as an adjective or pronoun, that expresses a number, and relation to the number, such as one of the following: Quantity, Sequence, Frequency, Fraction. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsANumeral.htm 19.09.06)
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
NumeralBoth G NumeralBoth Numeral Both
Abstract Numeric value for two.
SubClass Of
NumeralModifier G NumeralModifier Numeral Modifier
Abstract A nominal is modified by a numeral. (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#numeralModifier)
SubClass Of
ObjectiveCase G ObjectiveCase Objective Case
Abstract Case used to express the direct object, indirect object, object of a preposition, object complement and subject of an infinitive.
SubClass Of
ObligativeModality G ObligativeModality Obligative Modality
Abstract ObligativeModality indicates that an agent is required to perform the action expressed by the predicate [Bybee, Perkins and Pagliuca 1994: 177; Palmer 2001: 71].
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
ObliqueCase (oblique case) G ObliqueCase Oblique Case
Abstract Case that is used when a noun is the object of a verb or a proposition, except for nominative and vocative case. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1336)
SubClass Of
ObliquePassive G ObliquePassive Oblique Passive
Abstract A Passive in which a basic Oblique nominal assumes the Subject relation in a corresponding nonbasic configuration. Can include locative passives, benefactive passives and instrumental passives. (Klaiman 1991:23) (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/ObliquePassive)
SubClass Of
ObliqueRole G ObliqueRole Oblique Role
Abstract A semantic role which is not straightforward. (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#obliqueCase)
SubClass Of
OldUsage (old) G OldUsage Old Usage
Abstract Used in the past. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1961)
SubClass Of
olia_system:Relation G olia_system_Relation Relation (olia_system)
Namespace http://purl.org/olia/system.owl#
Sub-Classes
olia_system:UnitOfAnnotation G olia_system_UnitOfAnnotation Unit Of Annotation (olia_system) olia_top_SyntacticRole Syntactic Role (olia_top) olia_system_UnitOfAnnotation->olia_top_SyntacticRole hasSyntacticRole
Namespace http://purl.org/olia/system.owl#
olia_top:AnimacyFeature G olia_top_AnimacyFeature Animacy Feature (olia_top)
Namespace http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#
Sub-Classes
olia_top:AspectFeature G olia_top_AspectFeature Aspect Feature (olia_top)
Namespace http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#
Sub-Classes
olia_top:CaseFeature G olia_top_CaseFeature Case Feature (olia_top)
Namespace http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#
Sub-Classes
olia_top:ClusivityFeature G olia_top_ClusivityFeature Clusivity Feature (olia_top)
Namespace http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#
Sub-Classes
olia_top:Constituent G olia_top_Constituent Constituent (olia_top)
Namespace http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#
Abstract Constituents correspond to a GOLD SyntacticConstruction: SyntacticConstruction is the class of grammar units that have syntactic structure, i.e., consisting of more than one syntactic word or construction in a syntactic configuration. [Crystal 1980, 85-86]. (http://www.linguistics-ontology.org/gold/2008) Corresponds to units of annotation in the EAGLES recommendations for syntactic annotation (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/segsasg1/node29.html#SECTION00052000000000000000)
Sub-Classes
olia_top:CoordTypeFeature G olia_top_CoordTypeFeature Coord Type Feature (olia_top)
Namespace http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#
Sub-Classes
olia_top:CountabilityFeature G olia_top_CountabilityFeature Countability Feature (olia_top)
Namespace http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#
Sub-Classes
olia_top:DefinitenessFeature G olia_top_DefinitenessFeature Definiteness Feature (olia_top)
Namespace http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#
Sub-Classes
olia_top:DegreeFeature G olia_top_DegreeFeature Degree Feature (olia_top)
Namespace http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#
Sub-Classes
olia_top:DependencyRelation G olia_top_DependencyRelation Dependency Relation (olia_top)
Namespace http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#
SubClass Of
olia_top:DiscourseEntity G olia_top_DiscourseEntity Discourse Entity (olia_top)
Namespace http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#
Sub-Classes
olia_top:DominanceRelation G olia_top_DominanceRelation Dominance Relation (olia_top)
Namespace http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#
SubClass Of
olia_top:EmphasisFeature G olia_top_EmphasisFeature Emphasis Feature (olia_top)
Namespace http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#
Sub-Classes
olia_top:EvaluativeFeature G olia_top_EvaluativeFeature Evaluative Feature (olia_top)
Namespace http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#
Sub-Classes
olia_top:EvidentialityFeature G olia_top_EvidentialityFeature Evidentiality Feature (olia_top)
Namespace http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#
Sub-Classes
olia_top:GenderFeature G olia_top_GenderFeature Gender Feature (olia_top)
Namespace http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#
Sub-Classes
olia_top:InflectionTypeFeature G olia_top_InflectionTypeFeature Inflection Type Feature (olia_top)
Namespace http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#
Abstract In this category, different inflection-relevant features are assembled. Typically, inflection phenomena are language-specific and pertain to different grammatial categories; therefore, this collection is neither to be supposed exhaustive nor are the features necessarily disjoint (e.g., InflectedWithOvertMarker overlaps with StrongInflection or WeakInflection)
Sub-Classes
olia_top:LexicalRelation G olia_top_LexicalRelation Lexical Relation (olia_top)
Namespace http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#
Sub-Classes
olia_top:ModalityFeature G olia_top_ModalityFeature Modality Feature (olia_top)
Namespace http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#
Sub-Classes
olia_top:MoodFeature G olia_top_MoodFeature Mood Feature (olia_top)
Namespace http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#
Sub-Classes
olia_top:MorphologicalCategory G olia_top_MorphologicalCategory Morphological Category (olia_top)
Namespace http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#
Sub-Classes
olia_top:MorphologicalProcess G olia_top_MorphologicalProcess Morphological Process (olia_top)
Namespace http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#
Sub-Classes
olia_top:MorphosyntacticCategory G olia_top_MorphosyntacticCategory Morphosyntactic Category (olia_top)
Namespace http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#
Sub-Classes
olia_top:NarrativeType G olia_top_NarrativeType Narrative Type (olia_top)
Namespace http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#
Sub-Classes
olia_top:NullElement G olia_top_NullElement Null Element (olia_top)
Namespace http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#
Sub-Classes
olia_top:NumberFeature G olia_top_NumberFeature Number Feature (olia_top)
Namespace http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#
Sub-Classes
olia_top:NumeralAgreementClass G olia_top_NumeralAgreementClass Numeral Agreement Class (olia_top)
Namespace http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#
Sub-Classes
olia_top:OrthographicEntity G olia_top_OrthographicEntity Orthographic Entity (olia_top)
Namespace http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#
Sub-Classes
olia_top:PersonFeature G olia_top_PersonFeature Person Feature (olia_top)
Namespace http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#
Sub-Classes
olia_top:PhonologicalProcess G olia_top_PhonologicalProcess Phonological Process (olia_top)
Namespace http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#
Sub-Classes
olia_top:PolarityFeature G olia_top_PolarityFeature Polarity Feature (olia_top)
Namespace http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#
Sub-Classes
olia_top:ProximityFeature G olia_top_ProximityFeature Proximity Feature (olia_top)
Namespace http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#
Sub-Classes
olia_top:ReduplicationTypeFeature G olia_top_ReduplicationTypeFeature Reduplication Type Feature (olia_top)
Namespace http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#
olia_top:ReferentTypeFeature G olia_top_ReferentTypeFeature Referent Type Feature (olia_top)
Namespace http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#
Sub-Classes
olia_top:ReflexivityFeature G olia_top_ReflexivityFeature Reflexivity Feature (olia_top)
Namespace http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
olia_top:RegisterFeature G olia_top_RegisterFeature Register Feature (olia_top)
Namespace http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#
Sub-Classes
olia_top:SemanticRole G olia_top_SemanticRole Semantic Role (olia_top)
Namespace http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#
Sub-Classes
olia_top:SemanticUnit G olia_top_SemanticUnit Semantic Unit (olia_top)
Namespace http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#
Sub-Classes
olia_top:SentenceTypeFeature G olia_top_SentenceTypeFeature Sentence Type Feature (olia_top)
Namespace http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#
Sub-Classes
olia_top:SeparabilityFeature G olia_top_SeparabilityFeature Separability Feature (olia_top)
Namespace http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#
Sub-Classes
olia_top:SpecificityFeature G olia_top_SpecificityFeature Specificity Feature (olia_top)
Namespace http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#
Sub-Classes
olia_top:StrengthFeature G olia_top_StrengthFeature Strength Feature (olia_top)
Namespace http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#
Sub-Classes
olia_top:SubordTypeFeature G olia_top_SubordTypeFeature Subord Type Feature (olia_top)
Namespace http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#
Sub-Classes
olia_top:SyntacticConstruction G olia_top_SyntacticConstruction Syntactic Construction (olia_top)
Namespace http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#
Sub-Classes
olia_top:SyntacticFunction G olia_top_SyntacticFunction Syntactic Function (olia_top)
Namespace http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#
Sub-Classes
olia_top:SyntacticRelation G olia_top_SyntacticRelation Syntactic Relation (olia_top)
Namespace http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
olia_top:SyntacticRole G olia_top_SyntacticRole Syntactic Role (olia_top)
Namespace http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#
Sub-Classes
olia_top:TenseFeature G olia_top_TenseFeature Tense Feature (olia_top)
Namespace http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#
Sub-Classes
olia_top:TopologicalField G olia_top_TopologicalField Topological Field (olia_top)
Namespace http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#
Abstract Topological fields are a descriptive formalism to describe regularities of the makro-structure of sentences, for example, in the traditional description of word order inseveral Germanic languages (e.g., German, Dutch, Danish). More recently, similar conceptions of topological fields have been further developed in the context of constructivistic grammar formalisms, e.g., Role and Reference Grammar (van Valin and LaPolla 1997).
Sub-Classes
olia_top:UsageAndFrequencyFeature G olia_top_UsageAndFrequencyFeature Usage And Frequency Feature (olia_top)
Namespace http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#
Sub-Classes
olia_top:ValencyFeature G olia_top_ValencyFeature Valency Feature (olia_top)
Namespace http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#
Abstract ValencyFeature cannot be reflexive, because hasSyntacticValency is distinguished from hasSemanticValency
Sub-Classes
olia_top:VoiceFeature G olia_top_VoiceFeature Voice Feature (olia_top)
Namespace http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#
Sub-Classes
olia_top:Word G olia_top_Word Word (olia_top)
Namespace http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#
Sub-Classes
OmittedUnit G OmittedUnit Omitted Unit
Abstract *U* ?????? unit ... This element marks the interpreted position of a unit symbol, such as $, # (British pounds), FFr (French francs), C$, US$, HK$, A$, M$, S$, and NZ$. It may also appear after % or even cents, when convenient. See section 11 [Modification of NP] for more details on the use of *U*. ... In general, *U* is placed where the word corresponding to the symbol would appear in the string if the text were read aloud. One notable exception is in certain hyphenated compound adjectives, such as a $5-a-share increase (spoken: ??????A five dollar a share increase??????). Here, the bracketing will usually not reflect the spoken order, with *U* placed as the last element in the ADJP: (NP a (ADJP $ 5-a-share *U*) increase) Sometimes, this type may lack the *U* entirely. (Bies et al. 1995)
SubClass Of
OnceNoun G OnceNoun Once Noun
Abstract noun conveying the meaning that the action is performed once
SubClass Of
OnomatopoeticWord (onomatopoetic word) G OnomatopoeticWord Onomatopoetic Word
Abstract no definition given
SubClass Of
OpenBracket (open bracket) G OpenBracket Open Bracket
Abstract Punctuation that is represented graphically as [ (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2082)
SubClass Of
OpenCurlyBracket (open curly bracket) G OpenCurlyBracket Open Curly Bracket
Abstract Punctuation that is graphically represented as { (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2084)
SubClass Of
OpenParenthesis (open parenthesis) G OpenParenthesis Open Parenthesis
Abstract Beginning of a pair of parenthesis. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1442)
SubClass Of
OpenAngleBracket G OpenAngleBracket Open Angle Bracket
Abstract < *LAB* Left angle bracket (Santorini 1991)
SubClass Of
OpenQuote G OpenQuote Open Quote
Abstract quotation mark, opening
SubClass Of
OpenSquareBracket G OpenSquareBracket Open Square Bracket
Abstract [ *LSB* Left square bracket (Santorini 1991)
SubClass Of
OptativeModality G OptativeModality Optative Modality
Abstract Optative indicates that the speaker wishes or hopes that the expressed proposition be the case (Bybee, Perkins, and Pagliuca 1994: 179; Palmer 2001: 204). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Optative)
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
OptativeMood G OptativeMood Optative Mood
Abstract Optative indicates that the speaker wishes or hopes that the expressed proposition be the case (Bybee, Perkins, and Pagliuca 1994: 179; Palmer 2001: 204). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Optative)
SubClass Of
OrdinalAdjective (ordinal adjective) G OrdinalAdjective Ordinal Adjective
Abstract Adjective expressing a numeric ranking. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1338) Cf. "second", "next", "last"
SubClass Of
OrdinalNumber G OrdinalNumber Ordinal Number
Abstract An ordinal number is a number belonging to a class whose members designate positions in a sequence, e.g. in English "First", "Second", "Third". (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAOrdinalNumeral.htm 19.09.06)
SubClass Of
OtherAnimacy (other animacy) G OtherAnimacy Other Animacy
Abstract Perceived as related to animacy, but without specific reference to the previous items. (ISO12620; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1953)
SubClass Of
OtherSourceEvidentiality G OtherSourceEvidentiality Other Source Evidentiality
Abstract An indication that the source of information is someone other than the speaker. [Aikhenvald 2006: 106]
SubClass Of
ParentheticalPunctuation G ParentheticalPunctuation Parenthetical Punctuation
Abstract Parenthetical elements are dominated by a node labeled PRN. Punctuation marks that set off a parenthetical (i.e., commas, dashes, parentheses (-LRB- and -RRB-)) are contained within the PRN node. Use of PRN is determined ultimately by individual annotator intuition, though the presence of dashes or parentheses strongly suggests a parenthetical. (Bies et al. 1995)
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
Participle (participle) G Participle Participle
Abstract A participle is a lexical item, derived from a verb that has some of the characteristics and functions of both verbs and adjectives. In English, participles may be used as adjectives, and in non-finite forms of verbs. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAParticiple.htm 19.09.06) Non-finite form of a verb other than the infinitive that is used in many languages possibly in conjunction with an auxiliary and that functions attributively, predicatively or adverbially. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1341)
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
ParticipleAdjective (participle adjective) G ParticipleAdjective Participle Adjective
Abstract Adjective based on a verb. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1598)
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
EmbeddedParticiple (participle construction) G EmbeddedParticiple Embedded Participle
Abstract A participle is the head of the embedded construction. (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#withParticipleAsHead) Participial constructions are used as adjunct clauses in Old High German. As they lack a finite verb form they are kept separately from finite subordinate clauses. (http://purl.org/olia/tcodex.owl#ParticipialConstruction)
SubClass Of
Particle G Particle Particle
Abstract synonym of Unique, to be avoided because of its divergent definitions (Chiarcos)
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
ParticleAdverb G ParticleAdverb Particle Adverb
Abstract Word that is both an adverb and a particle.
SubClass Of
AffirmativeParticle (particule affirmative) G AffirmativeParticle Affirmative Particle
Abstract Particle used to express affirmation. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1918)
SubClass Of
PartitiveArticle G PartitiveArticle Partitive Article
Abstract A partitive article indicates an indefinite quantity of a mass noun; there is no partitive article in English, though the words some or any often have that function. An example is French du / de la / des, as in Voulez-vous du caf?? ("Do you want some coffee?" or "Do you want coffee"). (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_(grammar) 19.09.06)
SubClass Of
PartitiveCase G PartitiveCase Partitive Case
Abstract The partitive case is a grammatical case which denotes "partialness", "without result", or "without specific identity". (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#partitiveCase with reference to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partitive) PartitiveCase expresses the partial nature of the referent of the noun it marks, as opposed to expressing the whole unit or class of which the referent is a part. This case may be found in items such as the following: existential clauses, nouns that are accompanied by numerals or units of measure, or predications of material from which something is made. It often has a meaning similar to the English word 'some' (Pei and Gaynor 1954: 161; Richards, Platt, and Weber 1985: 208; Quirk, et al. 1985: 249; Gove, et al. 1966: 1648; Sebeok 1946: 1214). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Partitive)
SubClass Of
PartitiveDeterminer G PartitiveDeterminer Partitive Determiner
Abstract A partitive determiner indicates an indefinite quantity of a mass noun; there is no partitive article in English, though the words some or any often have that function. (Wilson and Leech 1996)
SubClass Of
PassiveVoice G PassiveVoice Passive Voice
Abstract When the subject is the patient, target or undergoer of the action, it is said to be in the passive voice. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_voice 17.11.06) When the subject is the agent or actor of the verb, the verb is said to be in the active voice. When the subject is the patient, target or undergoer of the action, it is said to be in the passive voice. (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#passiveVoice) Passive is often not clearly distinguished from Inverse: According to Giv?n (1988), Inverse is characterized by obligatory realization of the suppressed agent, whereas the realization of the agent in a passive construction is optional (or impossible). This restrictive definition of passive does, however, conflict with the use of the term "passive" for European languages. Then, English and German "Passive" would be Inverses. Therefore, Inverse is a subconcept of Passive here. Giv?n's original Passive is NonInversePassive.
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
Past G Past Past
Abstract The past tense is a verb tense expressing action, activity, state or being in the past. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Past_tense 17.11.06) The past tense refers to a tense category which places an event in the past. (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#pastTense)
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
PastParticipleAdjective (past participle adjective) G PastParticipleAdjective Past Participle Adjective
Abstract Adjective based on a past participle. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1596)
SubClass Of
PastPerfectTense (Past perfect) G PastPerfectTense Past Perfect Tense
Abstract Past perfect tense is an absolute-relative tense that refers to a time in the past relative to a reference point, which itself is in the past relative to the moment of utterance (www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsPastPerfectTense.htm; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1348)
SubClass Of
PastInFuture G PastInFuture Past In Future
Abstract Locates the situation in question in the future, prior to a reference time in the future.
SubClass Of
PastParticiple G PastParticiple Past Participle
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
PathRole G PathRole Path Role
Abstract added in accordance with TIGER way (directional modifier)
SubClass Of
PatientRole G PatientRole Patient Role
Abstract A patient instantiates the role of an entity which undergoes a change of state (Cruse 2000:284) http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#patientRole
SubClass Of
Paucal (paucal) G Paucal Paucal
Abstract Number that specifies 'a few' things. (en2.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paucal_number; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1350)
SubClass Of
PaucalQuantifier G PaucalQuantifier Paucal Quantifier
Abstract Quantifiers that enforce paucal agreement. In many Slavic languages, numerals between 2 and 4 (and some quantifiers) involve a specific agreement patterns that is different from that of smaller and greater numbers. In Russian, for example, genitive singular is requires. These numerals and quantifiers with the same characteristics are referred to here as "paucal quantifiers". (cf. David Pesetsky, http://www.uni-leipzig.de/~jtrommer/Harvard/pesetsky.pdf)
SubClass Of
PejorativeEvaluative G PejorativeEvaluative Pejorative Evaluative
Abstract An evaluative property of a noun that indicates the speaker regards the person or object being referred to with distaste, contempt, or displeasure [Valentine 2001: 190-193].
SubClass Of
Perfect G Perfect Perfect
Abstract A verb tense that refers to completed action in the past. It corresponds to three English tenses. (www.southwestern.edu/~carlg/Latin_Web/glossary.html; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1351)
SubClass Of
PerfectiveAspect G PerfectiveAspect Perfective Aspect
Abstract The perfective aspects (inceptive, punctual and completive) view the situation as a bounded entity, and often put an emphasis on its beginning or end. (Bybee 1985:21) (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#perfectiveAspect) The Perfective aspect is an aspect that expresses a temporal view of an event or state as a simple whole, apart from the consideration of the internal structure of the time in which it occurs. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/glossaryoflinguisticterms/WhatIsPerfectiveAspect.htm 17.11.06) A viewpoint aspect which encodes the speaker?s willingness to attend to the endpoints of the situation referred to. Perfective aspect is the canonical mode of presentation for events (Michaelis 1998: xv). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Perfective)
SubClass Of
PeriodicAdjective G PeriodicAdjective Periodic Adjective
Abstract It is an adjective, which expresses the time or period of the circumstances, while modifying a noun. ?? ?? ?? ? ?? ? ? ? ? Nahing Nga chigyel-lu joyi 'I went abroad last year' (http://panl10n.net/english/Outputs%20Phase%202/CCs/Bhutan/Papers/2007/0701/PartOfSpeech.pdf)
SubClass Of
PerlativeCase G PerlativeCase Perlative Case
Abstract PerlativeCase expresses that something moved 'through','across', or 'along' the referent of the noun that is marked (Blake 1998: 38, 203). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Perlative)
SubClass Of
PermissiveModality G PermissiveModality Permissive Modality
Abstract PermissiveModality indicates that an agent has permission to perform the action expressed by the predicate [Palmer 2001: 10, 71].
SubClass Of
Personal (personal) G Personal Personal
Abstract Property that refers to the person. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1946)
SubClass Of
PersonalPassive G PersonalPassive Personal Passive
Abstract A Passive in which the argument mapped to Object in a basic structural configuration assumes the Subject relation in a corresponding nonbasic configuration. (Klaiman 1991:23) (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/PersonalPassive)
SubClass Of
PersReflPronoun G PersReflPronoun Pers Refl Pronoun
Abstract In Eagles personal and reflexive pronouns are brought together as a single value Pers./Refl. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node17.html#recp 19.09.06)
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
PhasalAspect G PhasalAspect Phasal Aspect
Abstract A set of aspectual distinctions involving relations between a background situation (the reference situation) and a situation located relative to the reference situation (the denoted situation). In English, phasal distinctions are expressed by auxiliary-headed constructions, like the inceptive, progressive, and perfect constructions, whose head verbs express the aspectual class of the denoted situation. The aspectual class of the denoted situation differs from that of the reference situation (Michaelis 1998:xv). An event may have a beginning and an end, a middle portion (continuing or changing), and also an ensuing result or an altered state. These are considered to be the various ?phases? of an event. A speaker may talk about an event from the point of view of any of these individual phases, and his language may have inflectional (or other type of) markers for representing these distinctions. Since such markers indicate distinctions in the temporal structure of an event, we may regard them as belonging to the category of aspect. It has been suggested (Dik 1989: 186) that these may be grouped under a subcategory (or ?level") of aspect called ?phasal aspect". (Bhat 1999:49) (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Phasal)
SubClass Of
Phrase G Phrase Phrase
Abstract Phrase is the class of syntactic constructions that consist of one or more syntactic words, but lack the subject-predicate organization of a clause. Phrases get their grammatical characteristics according to what word occupies the head position; thus, all phrases have heads [Crystal 1980, 232-233; Pei and Gaynor 1954, 169; Pike and Pike 1982, 453]. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Phrase)
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
Phraseme G Phraseme Phraseme
Abstract Conventional lexical unit consisting of a particular phrase (CC)
SubClass Of
PhysicalAbilitiveModality G PhysicalAbilitiveModality Physical Abilitive Modality
Abstract PhysicalAbilitiveModality indicates that an agent has the physical capacity to perform some action. [Bybee, Perkins and Pagliuca 1994: 192; Palmer 2001: 77]
SubClass Of
PlaceNoun G PlaceNoun Place Noun
Abstract noun expressing a location
SubClass Of
PlainMiddle G PlainMiddle Plain Middle
Abstract Results of action occur to subject. (Siewierska 1988:257) (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/PlainMiddle)
SubClass Of
PluperfectTense G PluperfectTense Pluperfect Tense
Abstract PastInPast tense locates the situation in question prior to a reference time in the past. Also known as PluperfectTense. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/PastInPast)
SubClass Of
Plural G Plural Plural
Abstract Plural is a grammatical number, typically referring to more than one of the referent in the real world. In English, nouns, pronouns, and demonstratives inflect for plurality. In many other languages, for example German and the various Romance languages, articles and adjectives also inflect for plurality. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plural 17.11.06)
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
PluralQuantifier G PluralQuantifier Plural Quantifier
Abstract A PluralQuantifier is a Quantifier (or Numeral) that specifies a large multitude of entities. The agreement pattern of a plural quantifier is different from that or an singular quantifier, but as opposed to DualQuantifier and PaucalQuantifier, PluralQuantifier includes quantifiers that denote arbitrarily large sets of entities. (Chiarcos) The corresponding category in Czech, Polish and Slovak MTE v4 specs is Numeral/Class="definite", that refers to numerals larger than four. (MTE v4)
SubClass Of
PointOfViewAspect G PointOfViewAspect Point Of View Aspect
Abstract point of view aspect (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#viewPointAspect)
SubClass Of
PoliteSecondPersonPronoun G PoliteSecondPersonPronoun Polite Second Person Pronoun
Abstract In several European languages exist special forms of pronouns for polite or respectful reference, e.g. Dutch u and Spanish usted. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node18.html#oav1p 19.09.06)
SubClass Of
PositionerRole G PositionerRole Positioner Role
Abstract The entity controlling a Position (Dik, 1997:118) (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#positionerRole)
SubClass Of
Positive G Positive Positive
Abstract Value used in a comparison relationship when no comparison is involved. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1420) The Positive is the form of an adjective or adverb on which comparative and superlative are formed. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive 17.11.06)
SubClass Of
PossessedCase G PossessedCase Possessed Case
Abstract PossessedCase is used to mark the noun whose referent is possessed by the referent of another noun. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Possessed)
SubClass Of
PossessionMarker G PossessionMarker Possession Marker
Abstract In Urdu, w?l? can be added to substantives to derive nouns implying possession or general relationships, e.g., go-w?l, or go-w?l?, s.m. cow-keeper, cow-herd (from go, 'cow'), or ghar-w?l?, s.m. master or owner of the house (from ghar, 'house') (Plats 1884, cf. http://purl.org/olia/urdu.owl#Wala)
SubClass Of
Possessive (possessive) G Possessive Possessive
Abstract Relative to the possession or association. (www.wordreference.com/English/definition.asp?en=possessive; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1355)
SubClass Of
PossessiveParticle (possessive particle) G PossessiveParticle Possessive Particle
Abstract Particle expressing ownship. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1895)
SubClass Of
PossessiveAdjective G PossessiveAdjective Possessive Adjective
Abstract A PossessiveAdjective is an denominal adjective, often derived from a ProperNoun, that serves to indicate possession in most Slavic languages. Unlike a genitival construction, a possessive adjective shows agreement with its head noun. (Chiarcos)
SubClass Of
PossessiveArticle G PossessiveArticle Possessive Article
Abstract In Romanian, the possessive article (also called genitival article) is an element in the structure of the possessive pronoun, of the ordinal numeral (e.g. al meu (mine) and al treilea (the third)), and of the indefinite genitive forms of the nouns (e.g. capitol al c?r?ii (chapter of the book)), e.g., -al/al, a/al, ai/al, al, ale/al, alor/al (http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#PossessiveArticle)
SubClass Of
PossessiveDeterminer G PossessiveDeterminer Possessive Determiner
Abstract A possessive determiner is a part of speech that modifies a noun by attributing ownership to someone or something. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Possessive_adjective 19.09.06)
SubClass Of
PossessivePronoun G PossessivePronoun Possessive Pronoun
Abstract A possessive pronoun is a pronoun that expresses relationships like ownership, such as kinship, and other forms of association. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAPossessivePronoun.htm 19.09.06)
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
PossessiveRelativePronoun G PossessiveRelativePronoun Possessive Relative Pronoun
Abstract A relative pronoun whose antecedent is the possessor of the subject or object in the relative clause.
PossessorRole G PossessorRole Possessor Role
Abstract Semantic role as used by the Stanford Dependency Parser
SubClass Of
Possible G Possible Possible
Abstract Value that denotes a linguistic situation considered as being correct in the given language
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
PostHodiernalFuture G PostHodiernalFuture Post Hodiernal Future
Abstract PostHodiernalFutureTense locates the situation in question after the span that is culturally defined as 'today' (Bybee, Perkins, and Pagliuca 1994: 247). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/PostHodiernalFuture)
SubClass Of
PostNominalModifier G PostNominalModifier Post Nominal Modifier
Abstract Postmodifying is a function of an adjective that can modify, describe, or qualify a preceding noun. (EAGLES) modificationType: Refers to the prenominal or postnominal positions of determiners which distinguish different forms. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1931)
SubClass Of
Postposition G Postposition Postposition
Abstract A postposition is an adposition that occurs after its complement. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAPostposition.htm 19.09.06)
SubClass Of
PragmaticInverseVoice G PragmaticInverseVoice Pragmatic Inverse Voice
Abstract If the agent is more topical than the patient, the direct-active clause is used. If norm is reversed and the patient is more topical, the inverse clause is used. (Givon 1994:23) (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/PragmaticInverse)
SubClass Of
Predicate G Predicate Predicate
Abstract The predicate is the relation between the Clause and a portion of a clause, excluding the subject, that expresses something about the subject (Crystal 1980: 280; Hartmann and Stork 1972: 182; Pei and Gaynor 1954: 173; Pike and Pike 1982: 40; Mish et al. 1990: 926; Crystal 1985: 241-242). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/predicate)
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
PredicativeMarker (predicative marker) G PredicativeMarker Predicative Marker
Abstract no definition given
SubClass Of
PredicativeAdjective G PredicativeAdjective Predicative Adjective
Abstract A predicative adjective is one which functions as part of the predicate of a sentence. This means that it is linked to the noun by a verb, often a copula (such as to be). (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjective 18.09.06)
SubClass Of
PreferredEvaluative G PreferredEvaluative Preferred Evaluative
Abstract An evaluative property of a noun that indicates the speaker regards the person or object being referred to with favor or admiration.
SubClass Of
Prefix (prefix) G Prefix Prefix
Abstract Affix added before a word to change its meaning or part of speech. (Sue Ellen Wright + Gil Francopoulo; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1365)
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
PreHodiernalPast G PreHodiernalPast Pre Hodiernal Past
Abstract PreHodiernalPastTense locates the situation in question before that of a contrasting HodiernalPastTense. According to Bybee, Perkins, Pagliuca 1994: 98. this category must be defined relative to a HodiernalPastTense. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/PreHodiernalPast)
SubClass Of
PreNominalModifier G PreNominalModifier Pre Nominal Modifier
Abstract Premodifying is a function of an adjective that can modify a following noun. (EAGLES) modificationType: Refers to the prenominal or postnominal positions of determiners which distinguish different forms. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1931)
SubClass Of
Preposition (preposition) G Preposition Preposition
Abstract A preposition is an adposition that occurs before its complement. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAPreposition.htm 19.09.06)
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
PrepositionalAdverb G PrepositionalAdverb Prepositional Adverb
Abstract adverb which is very similar in its form to a preposition
SubClass Of
PrepositionalCase G PrepositionalCase Prepositional Case
Abstract In many grammars, the term "prepositional case" is to refer to case marking that only occurs in combination with prepositions. Normally, this is an oblique case, e.g., the Russian 6th case, also referred to as "locative". (Ch. Chiarcos)
SubClass Of
PrepositionalObject G PrepositionalObject Prepositional Object
Abstract Prepositional object
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
PrepositionalPhrase G PrepositionalPhrase Prepositional Phrase
Abstract A sequence of a preposition and its complement is a prepositional phrase. The complement of a preposition is usually a noun phrase (see examples 38 to 40), but may also be a clause or an adverb phrase. According to the categories recommended here, a prepositional phrase may be analysed further into preposition and noun phrase. The examples below demonstrate how this further analysis can be a recursive procedure. (38) [PP en [NP sustitucion [PP de [NP los canales correspondientes [PP de [NP 50 baudios NP] PP] NP] PP] NP] PP]. (39) [NP Fairbanks NP] [VP hummed [NP a few bars NP] VP] [PP in [NP a voice [VP made resonant [PP by [NP the very weakness [PP of [NP his chest NP] PP] NP] PP] VP] NP] PP]. (40) [PP En [NP el caso [PP de [NP un sistema mixto [PP en [NP el [CL que [VP se utilicen [NP canales [PP con [NP tres velocidades [PP de [NP modulacion NP] PP] diferentes NP] PP] NP] VP] CL] NP] PP] NP] PP] NP] PP] In a language such as Spanish, where a large proportion of the modification of nouns takes the form of a following preposition de and another noun, this recursion is extremely prevalent, as in 40. In cases where the prepositional phrase is complemented by a one word noun phrase, it may be advantageous to leave the analysis at this point, rather than continuing to analyse further by enclosing the complement (see also one-word constituents). (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/segsasg1/node34.html#SECTION00052500000000000000)
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
Present G Present Present
Abstract Present tense refers to the moment of utterance. (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#presentTense) Present tense refers to the moment of utterance. It often refers to events or states that do not merely coincide with the moment of utterance, such as those that are continuous, habitual, or lawlike. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/glossaryoflinguisticterms/WhatIsPresentTense.htm 17.11.06)
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
PresentParticipleAdjective (present participle adjective) G PresentParticipleAdjective Present Participle Adjective
Abstract Adjective based on a present participle. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1597)
SubClass Of
PresentativePronoun G PresentativePronoun Presentative Pronoun
Abstract pronoun that identify the current locative or temporal situation
SubClass Of
PresentParticiple G PresentParticiple Present Participle
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
PresumptiveModality G PresumptiveModality Presumptive Modality
Abstract The presumptive mood is used in Romanian to express presupposition or hypothesis regarding the fact denoted by the verb, as well as other more or less similar attitudes: doubt, curiosity, concern, condition, indifference, inevitability. For example, acolo s-o fi dus "he might have gone there" shows the basic presupposition use, while the following excerpt from a poem by Eminescu shows the use both in a conditional clause de-o fi "suppose it is" and in a main clause showing an attitude of submission to fate le-om duce "we would bear". De-o fi una, de-o fi alta... Ce e scris ?i pentru noi, Bucuro?i le-om duce toate, de e pace, de-i r?zboi. Be it one, be it the other... Whatever fate we have, We will gladly go through all, be it peace or be it war (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrealis_mood#Presumptive)
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
PresumptiveMood G PresumptiveMood Presumptive Mood
Abstract The presumptive mood is used in Romanian to express presupposition or hypothesis regarding the fact denoted by the verb, as well as other more or less similar attitudes: doubt, curiosity, concern, condition, indifference, inevitability. For example, acolo s-o fi dus "he might have gone there" shows the basic presupposition use, while the following excerpt from a poem by Eminescu shows the use both in a conditional clause de-o fi "suppose it is" and in a main clause showing an attitude of submission to fate le-om duce "we would bear". De-o fi una, de-o fi alta... Ce e scris ?i pentru noi, Bucuro?i le-om duce toate, de e pace, de-i r?zboi. Be it one, be it the other... Whatever fate we have, We will gladly go through all, be it peace or be it war (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrealis_mood#Presumptive)
SubClass Of
PreverbalParticle G PreverbalParticle Preverbal Particle
SubClass Of
ProcessedRole G ProcessedRole Processed Role
Abstract The entity that undergoes a Process (Dik, 1997:118). (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#processedRole)
SubClass Of
ProgressiveAspect G ProgressiveAspect Progressive Aspect
Abstract ProgressiveAspect, also called the continuative or the durative, encodes a single event as an ongoing process. Thus, states cannot generally be encoded with the progressive (Comrie 1976: 32-35; Bybee, Perkins and Pagliuca 1994: 127-139; Payne 1997: 240). An exponent of phasal aspect which expresses a stative situation that holds during the time at which an event is occurring (e. g., He is fixing the fence) (Michaelis 1998:xv). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Progressive)
SubClass Of
ProgressivePassive G ProgressivePassive Progressive Passive
Abstract A passive in Irish in which the preposition "at" is used, and a semantic meaning of progressive tense is found (Noonan 1994:280) (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/ProgressivePassive)
SubClass Of
ProlativeCase G ProlativeCase Prolative Case
Abstract Case for a noun or a pronoun that expresses motion within a place or a period of time needed for an event. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1368)
SubClass Of
PromotionalInverseVoice G PromotionalInverseVoice Promotional Inverse Voice
Abstract Involves promotion of the topical proximate-patient to subjecthood. (Givon 1994:24) (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/PromotionalInverse)
SubClass Of
PronominalAdverb (pronominal adverb) G PronominalAdverb Pronominal Adverb
Abstract Pronominal adverbs substitute for a preposition (which is incorporated into them) and an NP, cf. English therefore lit. "for this (reason, ...)", German deswegen lit. "because of this (reason, ...)". (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/elm_de/node235.html 21.09.06, examples Ch. Chiarcos)
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
Pronoun G Pronoun Pronoun
Abstract A pronoun is a pro-form which functions like a noun and substitutes for a noun or a noun-phrase. A language may have several classes of pronouns. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAPronoun.htm 19.09.06) A pronominal is a phrase that functions as a pronoun (www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAPronominal.htm; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1369)
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
PronounOrDeterminer (pronoun or determiner) G PronounOrDeterminer Pronoun Or Determiner olia_top_StrengthFeature Strength Feature (olia_top) PronounOrDeterminer->olia_top_StrengthFeature hasStrength
Abstract The parts of speech Pronoun, Determiner and Article heavily overlap in their formal and functional characteristics, and different analyses for different languages entail separating them out in different ways. In Eagles, Pronouns and Determiners are placed in one `super-category'. For some descriptions it may be thought best to treat them as totally different parts of speech. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node17.html#recp 19.09.06)
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
ProperNoun (proper noun) G ProperNoun Proper Noun
Abstract Proper nouns (also called proper names) are the names of unique entities. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noun 19.09.06)
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
ProprietiveCase G ProprietiveCase Proprietive Case
Abstract Proprietive case marks a possessional relation, i.e. 'having' something. (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#proprietiveCase-grammatical)
SubClass Of
ProQuantifier G ProQuantifier Pro Quantifier
Abstract A ProQuantifier is a quantifier derived from a pronominal element. ProQuantifiers thus partly characterized as pronouns (e.g., as pronominal adverbs) or quantifiers (e.g., "indefinite numeral" as in MTE v.4). (http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#ProQuantifier)
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
Proximal G Proximal Proximal
Abstract The referent denoted by a distal demonstrative pronoun (e.g., English that) is usually spatially more remote or discoursally less salient as compared to a referent denoted by a proximal demonstrative pronoun (e.g., English this) (Chiarcos)
SubClass Of
PseudopassiveVoice G PseudopassiveVoice Pseudopassive Voice
Abstract voice in a specify passive construction (different from the regular passive) where the patient is the syntactic subject and agent is the syntactic object
SubClass Of
Punctuation G Punctuation Punctuation
Abstract Punctuation marks (PU) are treated here as a part of morphosyntactic annotation, as it is very common for punctuation marks to be tagged and to be treated as equivalent to words for the purposes of automatic tag assignment. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node16.html#mp 19.09.06)
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
PurposeRole G PurposeRole Purpose Role
Abstract -PRP (purpose or reason) ?????? marks purpose or reason clauses and PPs. (Bies et al. 1995)
SubClass Of
PurposiveAspect G PurposiveAspect Purposive Aspect
Abstract The purposive aspect appears to add the notion of intention or probability, both negative and positive. (Steckley, 2007, p. 14, about Huron) (John Steckley, 2007, Words of the Huron, Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press)
SubClass Of
PurposiveCase G PurposiveCase Purposive Case
Abstract Purposive marks the goal of an activity, e.g., 'going out FOR (i.e. to catch) KANGAROOS'; 'call them FOR (i.e. to eat) FOOD'. The common purposive suffix -gu is a recurrent suffix on verbs ... The purposive case suffix is often used on a nominalised clause (and this may possibly be the origin of the verbal purposive). (Dixon 2002, p.134, on purposive case in [several] Australian languages) R.M.W. Dixon (2002), Australian Languages. CUP, Cambridge
SubClass Of
Quadrial (quadrial) G Quadrial Quadrial
Abstract Property related to four elements. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2000)
SubClass Of
Qualifier G Qualifier Qualifier
Abstract Also called MODIFIER : A word or phrase that qualifies the sense of another word; for example, the noun alarm is a modifier of clock in "alarm clock" and the phrase every day is an adverbial modifier of walks in "he walks every day" (www.wordreference.com/English/definition.asp?en=modifier; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1373)
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
QualifierAdjective (qualifier adjective) G QualifierAdjective Qualifier Adjective
Abstract Adjective used to qualify. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1477)
SubClass Of
QualitativeVerb (qualitative verb) G QualitativeVerb Qualitative Verb
Abstract no definition given
SubClass Of
QuantificationalAspect G QuantificationalAspect Quantificational Aspect
Abstract A speaker may report an event as occurring once only (semelfactive) or several times (iterative); he may view it as a specific event or as part of a general habit of carrying out similar events; he may also differentiate between different degrees of frequency with which the event occurs. The markers that a given language provides for one or more of these meaning distinctions can be grouped under a subcategory called ?quantificational aspect", as all of them refer to the quantitative aspect of the event concerned (Bhat 1999:53). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Quantificational)
SubClass Of
Quantifier G Quantifier Quantifier olia_top_NumeralAgreementClass Numeral Agreement Class (olia_top) Quantifier->olia_top_NumeralAgreementClass hasNumeralAgreementClass
Abstract A quantifier is a determiner that expresses a referent's definite or indefinite number or amount. A quantifier functions as a modifier of a noun, or pronoun. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAQuantifier.htm 19.09.06)
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
NominalQuantifier (quantifier noun) G NominalQuantifier Nominal Quantifier
Abstract A noun which quantifies one or more things, regardless of subject and an object. ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? NGAGI BUM 'NGA 'DA CHECI I girl five with met ?I met with five girls.? (Jurmey Rabgay, email Sep 20, 2010)
SubClass Of
Question G Question Question
Abstract There are two types of questions: direct questions (which are main clauses ending with a question mark) and indirect questions (which are subordinate clauses embedded under a verb). In this section, we discuss only direct questions; indirect questions are bracketed as SBAR??????s (see Section 5.17). (Santorini 1991)
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
QuestionWord (question word) G QuestionWord Question Word
Abstract A proform that is used in questions to stand for the item questioned.
SubClass Of
QuestionPredicate G QuestionPredicate Question Predicate
Abstract SQ ?????? Inverted yes/no question, or main clause of a wh-question, following the wh-phrase in SBARQ. (Bies et al. 1995) SQ|That part of an SBARQ that excludes the wh-word or wh-phrase. See Section 5.32. (Santorini 1991) The SBARQ label marks wh-questions (i.e., those that contain a gap and therefore require a trace). A further level of structure, SQ, contains the inverted auxiliary (if there is one) and the rest of the sentence. The inverted auxiliary in wh-questions is not labeled. ... SQ (See also section 1.2.7.) ?????? inside SBARQ: As described above, inside wh-questions, SQ holds the subject, inverted auxiliary (if any), main verb phrase, and some adjuncts. ?????? yes/no questions: SQ is used for yes/no questions (i.e., those with inversion but no wh-movement). ... ?????? subject-less yes/no questions: In questions where the auxiliary and subject do not appear, the auxiliary is unlabeled and a null subject (NP-SBJ *) is used. ... Note that questions with overt subjects and auxiliaries that show declarative word order are simply labeled S. ?????? Tag questions: Tag questions are treated as an adjunction of SQ to S. The resulting structure is labeled SQ, since the whole thing is interrogative in nature. The lower SQ is annotated to show predicate deletion; that is, an appropriate null *?* is inserted. (Bies et al. 1995)
SubClass Of
QuotativeModality G QuotativeModality Quotative Modality
Abstract A quotative is grammatical device to mark reported speech in some languages (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quotative), e.g., in Estonian.
?Reportedly, while he was going (in his boat), he turned over.? Ta olevat oma paadiga ?mber l?inud He was_QUOTATIVE his_own boat_WITH over gone.
(Estonian translation of an example given under http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAQuotativeEvidential.htm) (Heiki-Jaan.Kaalep, email 2010/06/22)
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
QuotativeMood G QuotativeMood Quotative Mood
Abstract A quotative is grammatical device to mark reported speech in some languages (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quotative), e.g., in Estonian.
?Reportedly, while he was going (in his boat), he turned over.? Ta olevat oma paadiga ?mber l?inud He was_QUOTATIVE his_own boat_WITH over gone.
(Estonian translation of an example given under http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAQuotativeEvidential.htm) (Heiki-Jaan.Kaalep, email 2010/06/22)
SubClass Of
QuotativeVerb G QuotativeVerb Quotative Verb
Abstract A quotative is grammatical device to mark reported speech in some languages (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quotative), e.g., in Estonian.
?Reportedly, while he was going (in his boat), he turned over.? Ta olevat oma paadiga ?mber l?inud He was_QUOTATIVE his_own boat_WITH over gone.
(Estonian translation of an example given under http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAQuotativeEvidential.htm) (Heiki-Jaan Kaalep, email 2010/06/22)
SubClass Of
Quote (quote) G Quote Quote
Abstract Punctuation usually used to surround a quotation. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2081)
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
RarelyUsed (rarely used) G RarelyUsed Rarely Used
Abstract Said of a term that is almost never used. (ISO12620; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1986)
SubClass Of
RecentPast G RecentPast Recent Past
Abstract RecentPastTense locates the situation in question prior to the present moment, but by culturally and situationally defined criteria, usually within the span ranging from yesterday to a week or a few months previous (Comrie 1985:87; Dahl 1985:121-122). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/RecentPast)
SubClass Of
RecipientRole G RecipientRole Recipient Role
Abstract A recipient instantiates the role of an entity (usually animate) who recieves an entity in some way from the event.

Prototypically ?recieve? here means ?to take in one?s hand, or into one?s possession (something held out or offered by another); to take delivery of (a thing) from another? in some way. (OED)

(http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#recipientRole)
SubClass Of
ReciprocalMiddle G ReciprocalMiddle Reciprocal Middle
Abstract Referents of plural subject do action to one another. (Siewierska 1988:257) (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/ReciprocalMiddle)
SubClass Of
ReciprocalPronoun G ReciprocalPronoun Reciprocal Pronoun
Abstract A reciprocal pronoun is a pronoun that expresses a mutual feeling or action among the referents of a plural subject. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAReciprocalPronoun.htm 19.09.06)
SubClass Of
ReducedInflection G ReducedInflection Reduced Inflection
Abstract Reduced adjective inflection of Slavic languages, e.g., Czech e.g., brillsk?/brillsk?, nezn?mo/nezn?m?, samo/s?m, samy/s?m (http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#NominalAdjective)
SubClass Of
ReducedRelativeClause G ReducedRelativeClause Reduced Relative Clause
Abstract RRC (reduced relative clause) Reduced relative clauses are adjoined to the NP they modify. (Bies et al. 1995) We will use the term \reduced relative clause" to refer to participial or adjectival constituents of the type illustrated in (@26). (26) He bought two watches designed by Paloma Picasso. Reduced relative clauses should be bracketed as adjunction structures. The structure of ( 26) is thus as in (@27). Note that the reduced relative clause, which is headed by a participle, is bracketed as a VP. (27) (S (NP He) (VP bought (NP (NP two watches) (VP designed (PP by (PNP (PNP Paloma) (PNP Picasso)))))) .) (Santorini 1991)
SubClass Of
Reduplication (reduplication) G Reduplication Reduplication
Abstract process to modify the sense of a word by some operations to repeat the sound of a word. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2346)
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
ReferentialVoice G ReferentialVoice Referential Voice
Abstract entails assignment of the absolutive to certain kinds of arguments other than the logical subjects (A) and objects (P), including the dative, benefactive, malefactive, and possessor. (Klaiman 1991:239) (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/ReferentialVoice)
SubClass Of
Reflexive G Reflexive Reflexive
Abstract A reflexive verb is a verb whose semantic agent and patient (typically represented syntactically by the subject and the direct object) are the same. In many languages, reflexive constructions are rendered by transitive verbs followed by a reflexive pronoun, as in English -self (e. g., She threw herself to the floor.). (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflexive_verbs 20.11.06)
SubClass Of
ReflexiveDeterminer (reflexive adjective) G ReflexiveDeterminer Reflexive Determiner
Abstract Determiner that refers to the same entity. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1377)
SubClass Of
ReflexiveMiddle G ReflexiveMiddle Reflexive Middle
Abstract Reflexive middle makes use of grammatical devices that normally indicate reflexivity. (Ch. Chiarcos)
SubClass Of
ReflexivePassive G ReflexivePassive Reflexive Passive
Abstract A Passive construction which contains reflexive markings. (Siewierska 1988:257) (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/ReflexivePassive)
SubClass Of
ReflexivePossessiveDeterminer G ReflexivePossessiveDeterminer Reflexive Possessive Determiner
Abstract Attributive possessive pronoun form of the reflexive pronoun, e.g., Russian ????: ????? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ? ???-??????. Obama on his day of.birth entertained guests with.steaks and hot.dogs "On his birthday, Obama entertained his guests with steaks and hot dogs." (http://ua.rian.ru/world_news/20110805/78815136.html) The antecedent of a possessive reflexive is not determined by its gender, but by its syntactic prominence.
ReflexivePronoun G ReflexivePronoun Reflexive Pronoun
Abstract A reflexive pronoun is a pronoun that has coreference with the subject. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAReflexivePronoun.htm 19.09.06)
SubClass Of
ReflexiveVoice G ReflexiveVoice Reflexive Voice
Abstract The reflexive voice is a grammatical voice in which the subject is both the agent and the patient or recipient. (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#reflexiveVoice)
SubClass Of
RelationNoun (relation noun) G RelationNoun Relation Noun
Abstract relation noun (MIRACL & LSCA; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2226)
SubClass Of
RelationalAdjective (relational adjective) G RelationalAdjective Relational Adjective
Abstract The Slovene adjective expresses three main ideas: quality (qualitative adjectives, kakovostni pridevniki), relation (relational adjectives, vrstni pridevniki) and possession (possessive adjectives, svojilni pridevniki). Relational adjectives express type, class or numerical sequence of a noun. For instance: kemijska in fizikalna sprememba (chemical and physical change), fotografski aparat (photographic device (=camera)). (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovene_grammar)
SubClass Of
RelativeParticle (relative particle) G RelativeParticle Relative Particle
Abstract relative particle (MIRACL & LSCA; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2229)
SubClass Of
RelativeTense (relative tense) G RelativeTense Relative Tense
Abstract Relative tense is a tense that refers to a time in relation to a contextually determined temporal reference point, regardless of the latter?s temporal relation to the moment of utterance. (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#relativeTense with reference to http://www.sil.org/linguistics/glossaryoflinguisticterms/whatisrelativetense.htm)
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
RelativeAdjective G RelativeAdjective Relative Adjective
Abstract Relative adjectives express similarity or a comparison. (Schmidt 1999, p.218, http://purl.org/olia/emille.owl#RelativeAdjective)
SubClass Of
RelativeAdverb G RelativeAdverb Relative Adverb
Abstract The value relative is used for adverbs in clear relative cases as in: "The place 'where' I met you.", "The reason 'why' I did it." (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/pub/eagles/lexicons/elm_en.ps.gz, p.33, 07.05.07)
SubClass Of
RelativeClause G RelativeClause Relative Clause
Abstract A relative clause is a subordinate clause that modifies a noun. For example, the noun phrase [the man who wasn't there] contains the noun [man], which is modified by the relative clause [who wasn't there] (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#relativeClause with reference to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_clause and Dik 1997) There are three di erent types of relative clauses in English (be careful not to confuse relative clauses and complement clauses): (i) wh-relative clauses (a guy who(m) I know), (ii) that-relative clauses (a guy that I know), and (iii) zero relative clauses (a guy I know). (Santorini 1991)
SubClass Of
RelativeDeterminer G RelativeDeterminer Relative Determiner
Abstract The relative determiner describes a attributive relative pronoun. In German "wessen" in "Ich weiss nicht, wessen Auto das ist." or the English "whose" in "The man whose daughter became ill.". The relative determiner needs a noun to complete a NP (Nominal Phrase). (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/pub/eagles/lexicons/elm_en.ps.gz, p.28, 07.05.07)
SubClass Of
RelativeModality G RelativeModality Relative Modality
Abstract Mood to express reported speech (or indirect speech) as opposed to direct speech.
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
RelativeMood G RelativeMood Relative Mood
Abstract Mood to express reported speech (or indirect speech) as opposed to direct speech.
SubClass Of
RelativePast G RelativePast Relative Past
Abstract RelativePastTense locates the situation in question before that of a contextually determined temporal reference point (Comrie 1985: 104). Also called PastPerfectTense. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/RelativePast)
SubClass Of
RelativePresent G RelativePresent Relative Present
Abstract RelativePresentTense locates the situation in question simultaneously with some contextually determined temporal reference point. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/RelativePresent)
SubClass Of
RelativePronoun G RelativePronoun Relative Pronoun
Abstract A relative pronoun is a pronoun that marks a relative clause, functions grammatically within the relative clause, and is coreferential to the word modified by the relative clause. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsARelativePronoun.htm 19.09.06)
SubClass Of
RelativeQuantifier G RelativeQuantifier Relative Quantifier
Abstract In the Czech MTE v4 specs, Numeral/Class="relative" are items meaning `how many/much', `as many/much' etc. Strictly speaking, they are pronumerals (pro-quantifiers), but traditional descriptions don't recognise such a category, so they are described variously as pronouns or as numerals (because their syntactic distribution is that of numerals, or very close)." (Ivan A Derzhanski, email 2010/06/11, http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#RelativeQuantifier)
SubClass Of
RelevanceAspect G RelevanceAspect Relevance Aspect
Abstract relevance aspect (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#relevanceAspect)
SubClass Of
RemoteFuture G RemoteFuture Remote Future
Abstract RemoteFutureTense locates the situation in question at a time that is considered relatively distant. It is characteristically after the span of time culturally defined as 'tomorrow' (Dahl 1985:121; Comrie 1985:94). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/RemoteFuture)
SubClass Of
RemotePast G RemotePast Remote Past
Abstract RemotePastTense locates the situation in question prior to the present moment, usually more than a few days ago (Dahl 1985:121; Comrie 1985:88). Subsumes notion of PreHesternalPast tense, which locates the situation in question before that of an opposing hesternal past tense. (Bybee, Perkins, Pagliuca 1994: 98). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/RemotePast)
SubClass Of
RepetitiveCoordinatingConjunction G RepetitiveCoordinatingConjunction Repetitive Coordinating Conjunction
Abstract Conjunction/Coord_Type="repetit" (Romanian). In Romanian, there are three kinds of conjunctions depending on their usage: as such or together with other conjunctions or adverbs: (1) simple, between conjuncts: Ion ori Maria (John or Mary); (2) repetitive, before each conjunct: fie Ion fie Maria fie... (either John or Mary or...) (3) correlative, before a conjoined phrase, it requires specific coordinators between conjuncts: at?t mama c?t ?i tata (both mother and father). (MTE v4, http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#RepetitiveCoordinatingConjunction)
SubClass Of
Residual G Residual Residual
Abstract From a linguistic point of view, Residuals are a heterogeneous class and so, Residual may overlap with every linguistically motivate annotation concept. Also between subconcepts, overlap may occur (e.g. \LaTeX which is a symbol which can be read as an Acronym or acronyms which are related to Abbreviations, e.g. GNU "Gnu is not Unix")
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
RhetoricalModifier G RhetoricalModifier Rhetorical Modifier
Abstract added in conformance with TIGER
SubClass Of
RightParentheticalPunctuation G RightParentheticalPunctuation Right Parenthetical Punctuation
Abstract End of a paired punctuation. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2079) RightParentheticalPunctuation is a punctuation mark which concludes a constituent whose the opening is marked by a LeftParentheticalPunctuation, e.g. ), ] and Spanish ?. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node17.html#recv 19.09.06)
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
RomanNumeral G RomanNumeral Roman Numeral
Abstract Numeral expressed with roman digits.
SubClass Of
Root (root) G Root Root
Abstract base of a word (MIRACL & LSCA; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2231)
SubClass Of
Script G Script Script
Abstract Set of graphic characters used for the written form of one or more languages.
SubClass Of
Second G Second Second
Abstract Refers to the person(s) the speaker is addressing (Crystal 1997: 285). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Second)
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
SecondaryPunctuation (secondary punctuation) G SecondaryPunctuation Secondary Punctuation
Abstract Punctuation that is not very important with regards to sentence splitting in a text. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2076)
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
SecondFamiliar G SecondFamiliar Second Familiar
Abstract In several European languages exist special forms of pronouns for polite or respectful reference, e.g. Dutch u and Spanish usted. The feature SecondFamiliar applies to the corresponding unmarked forms for informal conversiation in such languages. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node18.html#oav1p 19.09.06)
SubClass Of
SecondHonorific G SecondHonorific Second Honorific
SubClass Of
SecondNonHonorific G SecondNonHonorific Second Non Honorific
SubClass Of
SecondPersonPronoun G SecondPersonPronoun Second Person Pronoun
Abstract Second person deixis means deictic reference to a person or persons identified as addressee. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsSecondPersonDeixis.htm 19.09.06)
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
SecondPolite G SecondPolite Second Polite
Abstract In several European languages exist special forms of pronouns for polite or respectful reference, e.g. Dutch u and Spanish usted. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node18.html#oav1p 19.09.06)
SubClass Of
SemanticInverseVoice G SemanticInverseVoice Semantic Inverse Voice
Abstract If the agent outranks the patient on the relevant generic topic hierarchy, the direct-active clause is used. If the relevant norm is reversed and the patient outranks the agent on the relevant hierarchy, the inverse clause is used. (Givon 1994:23) (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/SemanticInverse)
SubClass Of
SemelfactiveAspect G SemelfactiveAspect Semelfactive Aspect
Abstract Momentaneous, without an inherent end-point, as sneeze (Michaelis 1998:xvi). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Semelfactive)
SubClass Of
SemiColon (semi-colon) G SemiColon Semi Colon
Abstract Sign (;) usually used to separate phrases. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1446)
SubClass Of
Sentence G Sentence Sentence
Abstract The maximal, syntactically independent, segments into which a text is subdivided, for parsing purposes, are normally considered to be sentences. In a written text, they are typically (though by no means invariably) delimited by an initial capital letter and a final full stop (`.') or other terminal punctuation. It is convenient to accept this primary orthographic definition of `sentence' for the purposes of syntactic annotation. However, a sentence, so defined, may be either a full sentence (9) or a `grammatically incomplete' one (10). (9) [S This is a sentence. S] (10) [S Well done. S] The same applies to sentences included within other sentences, as in (11) (11) [S [S ``Well done'', S] she said. S] } ``Well done'' in 11 is labelled as a sentence, since it clearly has an independent syntactic status equivalent to those of 9, even though it is included in another sentence. This inclusion of one independent sentence within another is found both with reported speech and elsewhere. Phenomena such as those illustrated in 10 are by no means exceptional in text corpora. In transcriptions of spoken discourse, there is no simple answer to the question ``What is a sentence?''. Some transcriptions, based on standard orthography, yield de facto sentences in the form of units beginning with a capital letter and closing with a terminal punctuation mark. For these, there is no problem in recognising the primary sentential segments and delimiting them by [S ... S], even though these segments frequently lack the canonical structure of a complete written sentence. Moreover, even in other transcriptions, where the standard orthographic practices of sentence delimitation are avoided, it is possible to identify `primary segments' analogous to the written sentence, viz. the primary units into which the transcribed discourse is divided for parsing purposes. For spoken as well as written language, then, the [S] unit may be retained, although it may be interpreted differently, and some other term, such as `primary segment', may be preferred to `sentence'. We conclude by recommending, for the syntactic annotation of any text (including a transcription of spoken language), an exhaustive division of the text into units labelled [S ... S]. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/segsasg1/node30.html#SECTION00052100000000000000)
SubClass Of
SentenceFinalPunctuation G SentenceFinalPunctuation Sentence Final Punctuation
Abstract SentenceFinalPunctuation are . ? !. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node17.html#recv 19.09.06)
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
SentenceMedialPunctuation G SentenceMedialPunctuation Sentence Medial Punctuation
Abstract SentenceMedialPunctuation are , ; : - . (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node17.html#recv 19.09.06)
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
Separable G Separable Separable
Abstract A separable verb is a verb that is composed of a verb stem and a separable affix. In some verb forms, the verb appears in one word, whilst in others the verb stem and the affix are separated. German and Dutch are notable for having many separable verbs. For example, the Dutch verb "aankomen" is a separable verb. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separable_verb 20.11.06)
SubClass Of
SeparablePrefix G SeparablePrefix Separable Prefix
Abstract separable verb prefix, e.g., "Auch die Vertreter der AfB [stimmten] den 86 Millionen [zu]."
SubClass Of
Sequel G Sequel Sequel
Abstract Adopted from ILPOSTS for Indian languages. No definition or examples provided: Distance=Sequel (http://purl.org/olia/ilposts.owl#Sequel)
SubClass Of
ShortDefiniteArticle (short article) G ShortDefiniteArticle Short Definite Article
Abstract For definiteness, when a specific form is not the syntactic subject of the clause. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1927)
SubClass Of
Simple G Simple Simple
Abstract Simple applies to the regular type of coordinator occurring between conjuncts: German und, for example. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node18.html#oav1av 17.11.06)
SubClass Of
SimplePreposition (simple preposition) G SimplePreposition Simple Preposition
Abstract Preposition that is a pure simple word in contrast with the notion of fused preposition. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1900)
SubClass Of
SimpleAspect G SimpleAspect Simple Aspect
Abstract non-progressive, non-purposive aspect (for Indian languages defined by http://purl.org/olia/ilposts.owl#SimpleAspect)
SubClass Of
SimpleCoordinatingConjunction G SimpleCoordinatingConjunction Simple Coordinating Conjunction
Abstract Simple applies to the regular type of coordinator occurring between conjuncts: German und, for example. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node18.html#oav1av 17.11.06)
SubClass Of
SimpleFuture G SimpleFuture Simple Future
Abstract FutureTense locates the situation in question after the present moment, with no specification on the distance in time. (adapted from the definition of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Past)
SubClass Of
SimplePast G SimplePast Simple Past
Abstract PastTense locates the situation in question prior to the present moment, with no specification on the distance in time (Comrie 1985). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Past)
SubClass Of
Singular G Singular Singular
Abstract Singular is a grammatical number denoting a unit quantity (as opposed to the plural and other forms). (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singular 17.11.06)
SubClass Of
SingularQuantifier G SingularQuantifier Singular Quantifier
Abstract A singular quantifier is a quantifier or a numeral that specifies a single referent from a set. (Chiarcos) In Czech and Slovak MTE v4 specs, the corresponding category Numeral/Class="definite1" is applied to the numeral "one". (MTE v4)
SubClass Of
SlangRegister (slang register) G SlangRegister Slang Register
Abstract An extremely informal register of a word, term, or text that is used in spoken and everyday language and less commonly in documents. (ISO12620; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1995)
SubClass Of
Slash (slash) G Slash Slash
Abstract The punctuation sign / (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1437)
SubClass Of
SociativeCase (sociative case) G SociativeCase Sociative Case
Abstract Case related to the person in whose company the action is carried out, or to any belongings of people which take part in the action. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1388)
SubClass Of
SourceRole G SourceRole Source Role
Abstract A source role instantiates the origin of an event or entity. (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#sourceRole)
SubClass Of
Space (space) G Space Space
Abstract Empty area between words, lines or columns (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2189)
SubClass Of
SpatiotemporalNoun (spatio-temporal noun) G SpatiotemporalNoun Spatiotemporal Noun
Abstract NLOC Noun Location This is an entirely new tag introduced to cover an important phenomenon of Indian Languages. Words like 'Age', 'upara', 'pahele', 'bAda', etc. are used in various ways in Hindi. 1. They act as a postposition along with 'ke' e.g. ghade ke upara thAlI rakhI HE. ("pot" "on" "plate" "kept" "is") Here 'ke upara' is a post position which is the direct equivalent of the English preposition 'on'. 2. They also act as adverbs. e.g. tuma upara jAo. ("You" "up" "go") Here 'upara' is an adverbial of place. 3. These words also take post positions themselves and so in some sense behave like nouns. e.g. vaHa upara se AyA. ("He" "above" "from" "came") 4. As pointed out in 3. above, these words take postpositions and act as arguments of the verb in the sentence. And they also take a post position to join with a another noun. So in that sense also they behave like nouns. e.g. upara kA HissA ("above" "of" "portion") To tag such words one option is to tag them according to the category to which they belong in the given sentence. For example in 1. above, the word is occurring as a postposition so can be marked as a postposition. In example 2. above, it is an adverb so can be marked as an adverb and so on. But we feel that these words are more like nouns as is evident from 3. and 4. above, and also if we consider for examples, 'aage', 'upara', etc. as places which are in front, up, etc then we can tag them as nouns. But these are not pure nouns. They are nouns which indicate a location or time. These also function as adverbs or prepositions in a context. So a new tag NLOC is introduced for such words. This tag will cater to a finite set of such words. set: (Age, piche, upara, nIce, bAda, pahele) ("front", "behind", "above", "below", "before") Such words if tagged according to their syntactic function, it will hamper machine learning. So a single tag, NLOC has been devised for such words which indicate location and time. e.g., (upara, Age, pahele, bAda) (IIIT (2007), A Part of Speech Tagger for Indian Languages (POS tagger), Tagset developed at IIIT - Hyderabad after consultations with several institutions through two workshops. available under http://shiva.iiit.ac.in/SPSAL2007/iiit_tagset_guidelines.pdf)
SubClass Of
Specific G Specific Specific
Abstract "By ?specific? and ?non-specific? I intend the difference between the two readings of English indefinites like (3): (3) I?m looking for a deer. In the specific reading there is a particular deer, say Bambi, that I am looking for. In the non-specific reading I will be happy to find any deer. Von Heusinger (2002) likes the test in English of inserting ?certain? after the ?a? to fix the specific reading. In either reading of (3) a deer is being introduced as a new discourse referent. This is opposed to ?definite? which requires a previous pragmatic instantiation as in ?I?m looking for the deer.? In English both the readings of (3) are indefinite. In Klallam, the specific demonstratives are neither definite nor indefinite." (Montler, Timothy. 2007. Klallam demonstratives. Papers ICSNL XLVII. The 42nd International Conference on Salish and Neighbouring Language, pp. 409-425. University of British Columbia Working Papers in Linguistics, Volume 20; on specific vs. nonspecific determiners in Klallam, a Salish language, http://montler.net/papers/KlallamDemons.pdf)
SubClass Of
SpecificArticle (specific determiner) G SpecificArticle Specific Article
Abstract "By ?specific? and ?non-specific? I intend the difference between the two readings of English indefinites like (3): (3) I?m looking for a deer. In the specific reading there is a particular deer, say Bambi, that I am looking for. In the non-specific reading I will be happy to find any deer. Von Heusinger (2002) likes the test in English of inserting ?certain? after the ?a? to fix the specific reading. In either reading of (3) a deer is being introduced as a new discourse referent. This is opposed to ?definite? which requires a previous pragmatic instantiation as in ?I?m looking for the deer.? In English both the readings of (3) are indefinite. In Klallam, the specific demonstratives are neither definite nor indefinite." (Montler, Timothy. 2007. Klallam demonstratives. Papers ICSNL XLVII. The 42nd International Conference on Salish and Neighbouring Language, pp. 409-425. University of British Columbia Working Papers in Linguistics, Volume 20; on specific vs. nonspecific determiners in Klallam, a Salish language, http://montler.net/papers/KlallamDemons.pdf)
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
StatusConstructus G StatusConstructus Status Constructus
Abstract morphological form of the nominal head of noun+noun-phrases which in spite of a missing determiner (article) is invariably understood as semantically determined. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2997) The construct state or status constructus is a noun form occurring in Afro-Asiatic languages. It is particularly common in Semitic languages (such as Arabic, Hebrew, and Syriac), in the Berber languages, and in the extinct Egyptian language. ... In Semitic languages, nouns are placed in the construct state when they are semantically definite and modified by another noun in a genitive construction. Note that this differs from the genitive case of European languages in that it is the head (modified) noun rather than the dependent (modifying) noun which is marked. However, in Semitic languages with grammatical case (e.g. Classical Arabic), the modifying noun in a genitive construction is placed in the genitive case, in addition to marking the head noun with the construct state. ... The construct state is one of the three grammatical states of nouns in Arabic, the other two being the indefinite state and the definite state. ... (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construct_state)
SubClass Of
Stem (stem) G Stem Stem
Abstract Root of a word, together with any derivational affixes, to which inflectional affixes are added. (www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAStem.htm; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1389)
SubClass Of
StillPresent G StillPresent Still Present
Abstract StillPresentTense is similar to PresentTense but carries the presupposition that an event or state held before the moment of utterance. In positive declarative clauses, still present tense asserts that the event or state holds at the moment of utterance (Comrie 1985: 54; named changed from 'StillTense'). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/StillPresent)
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
StrictAuxiliaryVerb G StrictAuxiliaryVerb Strict Auxiliary Verb
Abstract Non-modal, non-copular auxiliary verb.
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
String G String String
Abstract Character string to be interpreted in context
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
Strong G Strong Strong
Abstract Strong pronouns are different from the weak pronouns (cf. StrengthFeature:Weak)
SubClass Of
StrongPersonalPronoun (strong personal pronoun) G StrongPersonalPronoun Strong Personal Pronoun
Abstract Personal pronoun that can occupy the position after a preposition and/or reinforce a weak personal pronoun. (Eagles; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1390)
SubClass Of
StrongInflection G StrongInflection Strong Inflection
Abstract In German (and other Germanic languages), when gender, number and case are not expressed by a determiner, the adjective takes the endings of the strong inflection. (http://www.canoo.net/services/OnlineGrammar/Wort/Adjektiv/Deklinationstyp/Stark.html 20.11.06) Strong inflection is a characteristic of lexemes, not individual tokens.
SubClass Of
StructuralExpletive G StructuralExpletive Structural Expletive
Abstract Three different expletive usages [of the German expletive pronoun es] are traditionally distinguished: formal subject or object (expletive argument), correlate of an extraposed clausal argument (expletive correlate), and Vorfeld-es (structural expletive) (cf. (Eisenberg 1999 2001), (P?tz 1986)). (Telljohann et al. 2009, p.60) In German, a purely structural dummy element ... occurs in Vorfeld position only and is not correlated with any argument of the clause. It does not agree with the verb which becomes evident if there is a plural subject in the Mittelfeld: "es zahlen ihn die V?lker, deren Menschenrechte angeblich verteidigt werden." It is ungrammatical in the Mittelfeld, e.g. *". . . dass es ihn die V?lker zahlen".
SubClass Of
SubablativeCase G SubablativeCase Subablative Case
Abstract SubablativeCase expresses that the referent of the noun it marks is the location from under which another referent is moving. It has the meaning 'from under'. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Subablative)
SubClass Of
SuballativeCase G SuballativeCase Suballative Case
Abstract SuballativeCase expresses that something is moving toward the region that is under the referent of the noun it marks. It has the meaning 'towards the region that is under'. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Suballative)
SubClass Of
SubessiveCase G SubessiveCase Subessive Case
Abstract SubessiveCase expresses that the referent of the noun it marks is the location under which another referent exists. It has the meaning of 'under' or 'beneath'. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Subessive)
SubClass Of
SubjunctiveModality G SubjunctiveModality Subjunctive Modality
Abstract The subjunctive is the mood that is minimally marked as opposed to the indicative and that marks a clause as not directly representing an assertion of the speaker. (http://www.uni-erfurt.de/sprachwissenschaft/proxy.php?port=8080&file=lido/servlet/Lido_Servlet Subjunktiv 18.06.07)
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
SubjunctiveMood G SubjunctiveMood Subjunctive Mood
Abstract The subjunctive is the mood that is minimally marked as opposed to the indicative and that marks a clause as not directly representing an assertion of the speaker. (http://www.uni-erfurt.de/sprachwissenschaft/proxy.php?port=8080&file=lido/servlet/Lido_Servlet Subjunktiv 18.06.07)
SubClass Of
SubjunctiveParticle G SubjunctiveParticle Subjunctive Particle
Abstract In the Romanian MULTEXT-East scheme, a verbal particle with Particle/Type="future" modifies the verbs and marks the verb as being subjunctive, e.g., s-/s?, s? (Dan Tufis, email 2010/06/09, http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#SubjunctiveParticle)
SubClass Of
SubjunctiveVerb G SubjunctiveVerb Subjunctive Verb
Abstract A subjunctive verb is typically used to expresses wishes, commands (in subordinate clauses), emotion, possibility, judgment, necessity, and statements that are contrary to fact at present. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjunctive_mood 19.09.06)
SubClass Of
SublativeCase G SublativeCase Sublative Case
Abstract SublativeCase expresses that the referent of the noun it marks is the location under which another referent is moving toward. It has the meaning 'towards the underneath of'. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Sublative)
SubClass Of
SubordinateClause G SubordinateClause Subordinate Clause
Abstract SubordinateClause is the class of clauses that cannot stand on their own as sentences. A matrix clause combined with a subordinate clause form a main clause. In the sentence 'John thinks that Mary is sick', 'Mary is sick' is the subordinate clause. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/SubordinateClause) Dependent clauses (which are also sometimes referred to as subordinate clauses) cannot stand alone as sentences. They usually begin with subordinating conjunctions. A sentence with an independent clause and any number of dependent clauses is referred to as a complex sentence. One with two or more independent clauses and any number of dependent clauses is referred to as a compound-complex sentence (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clause, cf. http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#subordinateClause). A subordinate clause is an embedded construction which contains a finite verb form. (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#finiteEmbeddedConstruction)
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
SubordinatingConjunction G SubordinatingConjunction Subordinating Conjunction
Abstract Subordinating conjunctions, also called subordinators, are conjunctions that introduce a dependent clause. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_conjunction 19.09.06)
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
SubordinatingConjunctionWithComparative G SubordinatingConjunctionWithComparative Subordinating Conjunction With Comparative
Abstract For example, in German the subordinating conjunction "als" is followed by various kinds of comparative clause (including clauses without finite verbs). (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node19.html#oav2u 17.11.06)
SubClass Of
SubordinatingConjunctionWithFiniteClause G SubordinatingConjunctionWithFiniteClause Subordinating Conjunction With Finite Clause
Abstract For example, in German the subordinating conjunction "weil" introduces a clause with a finite verb. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node19.html#oav2u 17.11.06)
SubClass Of
SubordinatingConjunctionWithInfinite G SubordinatingConjunctionWithInfinite Subordinating Conjunction With Infinite
Abstract For example, in German the subordinating conjunction "ohne" ("zu"...) is followed by an infinitive. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node19.html#oav2u 17.11.06)
SubClass Of
SubordinatingConjunctionWithNegation G SubordinatingConjunctionWithNegation Subordinating Conjunction With Negation
Abstract Conjunction/Sub_Type="negative" (Romanian, Serbian, Russian) In Romanian, each conjunction requires another mood, so that the diversity may be controlled by subcategorisation rules. The attribute Sub_Type distinguishes among the positive and negative conjunctions, providing means to control verbal double negation, (as in case of the negative pronouns, determiners and adverbs): nici NU am venit, nimeni NU vorbe?te, nici_un tren N-a trecut, nic?ieri N-am v?zut (MTE v4, http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#NegativeSubordinatingConjunction)
SubClass Of
SubordinatingConjunctionWithoutNegation G SubordinatingConjunctionWithoutNegation Subordinating Conjunction Without Negation
Abstract Conjunction/Sub_Type="negative" (Romanian, Serbian, Russian) In Romanian, each conjunction requires another mood, so that the diversity may be controlled by subcategorisation rules. The attribute Sub_Type distinguishes among the positive and negative conjunctions, providing means to control verbal double negation, (as in case of the negative pronouns, determiners and adverbs): nici NU am venit, nimeni NU vorbe?te, nici_un tren N-a trecut, nic?ieri N-am v?zut (MTE v4, http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#PositiveSubordinatingConjunction)
SubClass Of
SubordinatorField G SubordinatorField Subordinator Field
Abstract In the German clause, the PARORD-field is the field for non-coordinating particles which optionally occur as the left-most element of a verb-second clause (Telljohann et al. 2009, p.17)
SubClass Of
SubstantiveAdjective (Substantive adjective) G SubstantiveAdjective Substantive Adjective
Abstract An adjective that modifies an implied, but not expressed, noun. When translating such an adjective into English, you must supply the missing noun. (www.southwestern.edu/~carlg/Latin_Web/glossary.html; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1394) (Chiarcos: this seems to pertain to nominalization)
SubClass Of
SubstitutivePronoun G SubstitutivePronoun Substitutive Pronoun
Abstract non-attributive pronoun
SubClass Of
SubterminativeCase G SubterminativeCase Subterminative Case
Abstract SubterminativeCase expresses the notion of something moving into the region under the referent of the noun it marks, but not through that region. It has the meaning 'into the region under'. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Subterminative)
SubClass Of
SubtranslativeCase G SubtranslativeCase Subtranslative Case
Abstract SubtranslativeCase expresses the notion of something moving along a trajectory underneath the referent of the noun it marks. It has the meaning 'along the region underneath'. Unfortunate name clash with 'Superlative' as a feature of adjectives. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Subtranslative)
SubClass Of
Suffix (suffix) G Suffix Suffix
Abstract Affix added at the end of the word to change its meaning or part of speech. (Sue Ellen Wright + Gil Francopoulo; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1395)
SubClass Of
SuperablativeCase G SuperablativeCase Superablative Case
Abstract Superablative expresses that the referent of the noun it marks is the location from over which another referent is moving. It has the meaning 'from over'. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Superablative)
SubClass Of
SuperallativeCase G SuperallativeCase Superallative Case
Abstract SuperallativeCase expresses that something is moving toward the region that is above the referent of the noun it marks. It has the meaning 'towards the region that is over'. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Superallative)
SubClass Of
SuperessiveCase G SuperessiveCase Superessive Case
Abstract SuperessiveCase expresses that the referent of the noun it marks is the location on which another referent exists. It has the meaning of 'on' or 'upon'. (Pei and Gaynor 1954: 207, Gove, et al. 1966: 2293). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Superessive)
SubClass Of
Superlative G Superlative Superlative
Abstract The superlative of an adjective or adverb is a form of adjective or adverb which indicates that something has some feature to a greater degree than anything it is being compared to in a given context. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superlative 17.11.06)
SubClass Of
SuperlativeParticle (superlative particle) G SuperlativeParticle Superlative Particle
Abstract Particle expressing superlative degree. Superlative is the comparison between more than two entities and contrasts with comparative where only two entities are involved and positive where no comparison is implied. (Crystal 2003; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1923)
SubClass Of
SuperlativeCase G SuperlativeCase Superlative Case
Abstract SuperlativeCase expresses that the referent of the noun it marks is the location onto which another referent is moving. It has the meaning of 'onto'. Unfortunate name clash with 'Superlative' as a property of adjectives. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Superlative)
SubClass Of
SuperterminativeCase G SuperterminativeCase Superterminative Case
Abstract SuperterminativeCase expresses the notion of something moving into the region over the referent of the noun it marks, but not through that region. It has the meaning 'into the region over'. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Superterminative)
SubClass Of
SupertranslativeCase G SupertranslativeCase Supertranslative Case
Abstract SupertranslativeCase expresses the notion of something moving along a trajectory above the referent of the noun it marks. It has the meaning 'along the region over'. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Supertranslative)
SubClass Of
Supine G Supine Supine
Abstract Supine is a nonfinite form of motion verbs with functions similar to that of an infinitive (Angelika Adams)
SubClass Of
SuspensionPoints (suspension points) G SuspensionPoints Suspension Points
Abstract Sequence of three dots having the same meaning as "et cetera" (full form) or "etc" (abbreviated form). (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1447)
SubClass Of
Symbol G Symbol Symbol
Abstract In morphosyntactic annotation schemes, a symbol is a single graphical sign that occurs in a written text with a conventionalized meaning but that does not represent a phoneme (like ordinary characters), an orthogaphic sign (punctuation), or a number. (Christian Chiarcos) Symbols such as alphabetic characters can vary for singular and plural (e.g. How many Ps are there in `psychopath'?), and are in this respect like common nouns. In some languages (e.g. Portuguese) such symbols also have gender. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node17.html#recr)
SubClass Of
SyntacticAdjunct G SyntacticAdjunct Syntactic Adjunct
Abstract Prototypically, an optional (morpho)syntactic constituent. 'Satellites are not ... required by the predicate; they give optional further information pertaining to additional features of the SoA ..., the location of the SoA ..., the speaker's attitude towards or evaluation of the propositional content ..., or the character of the speech act...' (Dik, 1997:87) (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#syntacticAdjunct) The category adjunct (ADJ) is assigned to those constituents that appear as optional additions, be it to the main verb or to a given noun. This means that they can be left out freely without a change in grammaticality or a significant change in meaning. In "John called Mary (from school) (with his cell phone)" the optional additions "from school" and "with his cell phone" are such optional additions that can be left out freely. Adjuncts are generally used to convey additional information about the time, place, manner, or cause of the event or situation described by the clause (see below). That is, they restrict the class of events/ situations described by the clause to a subset. If required the category ADJ can be split up into semantic sub-categories, that are annotated in layer semantic roles (time, location, etc.). (Dipper et al. 2007, ?4.3.3)
SubClass Of
SyntacticArgument G SyntacticArgument Syntactic Argument
Abstract An inherent (morpho)syntactic constituent subcategorized for by a predicate.
'Arguments are those terms which are required by some predicate in order to form a complete nuclear predication. They are essential to the integrity of the SoA designated by the predicate frame. If we leave them out, the property/relation designated by the predicate is not fulfilled or satisfied.' (Dik, 1997:86f)
An argument can be a controller in an agreement relation. (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#syntacticArgument)
The category ARG is assigned to those syntactic constituents that appear as obligatory complements to the main verb. This means that they cannot be left out without a change in grammaticality or a significant change in meaning. (Dipper et al. 2007, ?4.3.3)
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
SyntacticComplement G SyntacticComplement Syntactic Complement
Abstract A complement is a phrase that fits a particular slot in the syntax requirements of a parent phrase (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complement_%28linguistics%29). An additional (morpho)syntactic constituent that may be subcategorized for by the predicate. (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#syntacticComplement)
SubClass Of
SyntacticObject G SyntacticObject Syntactic Object
Abstract In linguistics, the object of a transitive verb is one of its core arguments, which generally represents the target of the verb's action or the undergoer of its effects. In more general terms, an object is a patient. Verbs with no object (as in the sentence "I run") are called intransitive verbs. Those which do take objects are called transitive verbs. Transitive verbs which take only one object are known as monotransitive. Ditransitive verbs have two objects, a patient and a recipient. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_%28grammar%29). (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#syntacticObject) An object, traditionally defined, is either a direct object or an indirect object. An object, in some usages, is any grammatical relation other than subject (Crystal 1985: 211; Hartmann and Stork 1972: 155-156; Mish et al. 1990: 814, Comrie 1989: 66). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/object)
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
SyntacticSubject G SyntacticSubject Syntactic Subject
Abstract The subject of a sentence is one of the two main parts of a sentence, the other being the predicate. Providing an adequate definition of the notion of a subject is notoriously difficult, and depends on a range of grammatical properties that may vary from language to language. For this reason, many current grammatical theories avoid using the term, except for purely descriptive purposes, or define it in terms of occupying a particular position in the clause. The term subject refers to the grammatical function an expression may have in relation to other expressions in a sentence, and it should be distinguished from parts of speech, which classify expressions independently of their relations to other constituents of a sentence. The subject of a verb is the argument which generally refers to the origin of the action or the undergoer of the state shown by the verb. However, this definition depends on the particular language under consideration. In languages where a passive voice exists, the subject of a passive verb may be the target or result of the action. This is a semantic definition. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subject_(grammar)). (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#syntacticSubject)
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
TabooRegister (taboo register) G TabooRegister Taboo Register
Abstract Register that expresses a situation that people avoid because it is extremely offensive or embarrassing. (ISO12620; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1996)
SubClass Of
TargetRole G TargetRole Target Role
Abstract The target role instantiates the destination of an event or entity.
SubClass Of
TechnicalRegister (technical register) G TechnicalRegister Technical Register
Abstract The register appropriate to scientific texts or special languages. (ISO12620; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1997)
SubClass Of
TemporalisCase G TemporalisCase Temporalis Case
Abstract The so-called Temporalis Case is formed in Hungarian with -kor. Expresses a point of time or a period. (http://member.melbpc.org.au/~tmajlath/form-suffix.html)
SubClass Of
TenseMarkingAuxiliary G TenseMarkingAuxiliary Tense Marking Auxiliary
Abstract An auxiliary that marks exclusively tense, e.g., in Urdu: Auxiliaries: Based on the syntactic nature of Urdu, auxiliaries are divided into two categories. Aspectual auxiliaries always occur after main verb of the sentence. Tense auxiliaries are used to show the time of the action. They occurred at the end of the verb phrase. (Sajjad 2007). In Urdu, the auxiliary g? indicates future tense when it follows a verb in the subjunctive form. (http://purl.org/olia/emille.owl#GaAuxiliary)
SubClass Of
TenseMarkingParticle G TenseMarkingParticle Tense Marking Particle
Abstract Dzongkha has also a tense marker, which is not complicated like in other languages. It has got only six tense markers and can be used in a very simple and effective way. They are: ('Ni'+'Wong') for future, ('D'o'+'D'?') for present and ('Ci'+'Yi') for past tense. ?? ?????? ? ? ? Nga naba jo-ni[past tense] I tomorrow go-will-[past] 'I am going tomorrow' (http://panl10n.net/english/Outputs%20Phase%202/CCs/Bhutan/Papers/2007/0701/PartOfSpeech.pdf)
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
TerminativeAspect G TerminativeAspect Terminative Aspect
Abstract Denotes the termination of an event (Bhat 1999: 92). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Terminative)
SubClass Of
TerminativeCase G TerminativeCase Terminative Case
Abstract Case that indicates to what or where something ends. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1401) TerminativeCase expresses the notion of something into but not further than (ie, not through) the referent of the noun it marks. It has the meaning 'into but not through'. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/TerminativeCase)
SubClass Of
Text (text) G Text Text
Abstract Series of sentences expressed in a natural language. (Gil Francopoulo; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1847)
SubClass Of
ThemeRole G ThemeRole Theme Role
Abstract Theme is a general term covering the notions of patient that means an entity affected by the action, of result that means an entity effected by the action, i.e. which emerges out of the action, or of theme that means an entity effected by the action, i.e. which emerges out of the action. (Dipper et al. 2007: ?5.3.3)
SubClass Of
Third G Third Third
Abstract Third person is deictic reference to a referent(s) not identified as the speaker or addressee. For example in English "he", "she", "they" or the third person singular verb suffix -s, e.g. in "He sometimes flies." (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsThirdPersonDeixis.htm 20.11.06)
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
ThirdObviative G ThirdObviative Third Obviative
Abstract Obviative refers to one or more non-participants that are in some way further removed from the speaker than other non-particpants. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/ThirdObviative)
SubClass Of
ThirdPersonPronoun G ThirdPersonPronoun Third Person Pronoun
Abstract Third person reference is a deictic reference to a referent(s) not identified as the speaker or addressee. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsThirdPersonDeixis.htm 19.09.06)
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
ThirdProximative G ThirdProximative Third Proximative
Abstract Proximative refers to one or more non-participants that are in some way distinct/closer to the speaker than other non-particpants. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/ThirdProximative)
SubClass Of
TimeNoun G TimeNoun Time Noun
Abstract noun expressing time
TimeRole G TimeRole Time Role
Abstract Semantic role corresponding to the label "TIME" used by the Stanford Dependency Parser. Time covers a point or an interval of time at which the action takes place. (Dipper et al. 2007, ?5.3.9) -TMP (temporal) ? marks temporal or aspectual adverbials that answer the questions when, how often, or how long. It has some uses that are not strictly adverbial, such as with dates that modify other NPs (see section 11 [Modification of NP]). (Bies et al. 1995)
SubClass Of
TimitiveModality G TimitiveModality Timitive Modality
Abstract TimitiveMood expresses that the speaker fears something expressed in what is said (Palmer 2001: 13, 22). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Timitive)
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
TimitiveMood G TimitiveMood Timitive Mood
Abstract TimitiveMood expresses that the speaker fears something expressed in what is said (Palmer 2001: 13, 22). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Timitive)
SubClass Of
TitleInRunningText G TitleInRunningText Title In Running Text
Abstract -TTL (title) ? is attached to the top node of a title when this title appears inside running text. -TTL implies -NOM. The internal structure of the title is bracketed as usual. (See section 12 [Titles] for more information about the bracketing of titles.) (Bies et al. 1995)
SubClass Of
TitleNoun G TitleNoun Title Noun
Abstract A title designates the function or the social status of an individual. Often, it accompanies a proper noun, but it can also be used in place of a proper noun (if the bearer of the title is contextually unambiguous). E.g. "The/Det German/Adj Chancellor/Title Angela/Name Merkel/Name said ..." can be used besides "the German Chancellor said ...". Accordingly, some schemes (e.g., Chungku et al. 2010, for Dzongkha) group titles together with proper names (http://purl.org/olia/dzongkha.owl#ParticularPersonNoun). However, if multiple people hold the same title, they can be referred to as a group, e.g., "Since WWII, the politics of the German chancellors always followed ...", and in this usage, titles are more comparable to common nouns. Functionally, titles are thus an intermediate category between CommonNoun and ProperNoun (cf. also Mulkern 1996). Titles do, however, share important characteristics with common nouns. In English, for example, titles generally require a definite determiner (unlike proper nouns), even if unambiguous ("the pope"). They are thus classified here as a subtype of CommonNoun. (Ann E. Mulkern. The name of the game. In Jeanette Gundel and Thorstein Fretheim, editors. Reference and Referent Accessibility: Pragmatics and Beyond. John Benjamins, Amsterdam and Philadelphia, 1996, pages 235?250.)
SubClass Of
Token (token) G Token Token
Abstract Character string surrounded by separators. (Gil Francopoulo; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1403)
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
Topicalization G Topicalization Topicalization
Abstract Topicalization structures are ones where a non-subject immediately precedes a subject, which immediately precedes the verb/auxiliary of the sentence. Two examples: Pizza, John likes. Tomorrow, I will go to the store. Such examples should be bracketed as adjunction structures. (Santorini 1991) -TPC (?topicalized?) ? marks elements that appear before the subject in a declarative sentence, but in two cases only: (i) if the fronted element is associated with a *T* in the position of the gap. (ii) if the fronted element is left-dislocated (i.e., it is associated with a resumptive pronoun in the position of the gap). (See the section on fronted elements in section 1 [Overview of Basic Clause Structure] for more details on the treatment of fronted elements and the section on *T* with fronted elements in section 4 [Null Elements] for more details on the distribution of *T*.) (Bies et al. 1995) Fronted elements are placed inside the top clause level (e.g. S, SINV, SQ, SBAR). (Only certain fronted elements are tagged -TPC: (i) constituents associated with a *T* in the position of the gap and (ii) left-dislocated constituents (those associated with a resumptive pronoun in the position of the gap).) (See section 1 [Overview of Basic Clause Structure] for more details on the treatment of fronted elements.) (Bies et al. 1995)
SubClass Of
Trace G Trace Trace
Abstract T|Trace. Marks the position where a fronted wh-constituent is interpreted. ... T marks the spot where an argument NP that has been moved by wh-movement or relative clause formation is interpreted. For instance, the relative clause the man that I saw should be bracketed as follows, by analogy to the corresponding simple declarative I saw the man. (NP (NP the man) (SBAR that (S (NP I) (VP saw) (NP T))))) T is also used to represent the empty subjects of as-clauses. (Santorini 1991) *T* ?????? trace of A??????-movement (Bies et al. 1995)
SubClass Of
Transgressive G Transgressive Transgressive
Abstract present (action in the same time as of the predicate): The dog going through the house barks. past (action premature to the one of predicate): He has started to read the book after he had sat down. (ark.wz.cz/cidarke/mverb.html; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1404)
SubClass Of
Transitive G Transitive Transitive
Abstract A predicate/verb that takes two arguments, e.g., English "to kiss", cf. van Valin and Lapolla (1997).
SubClass Of
TransitiveObject G TransitiveObject Transitive Object
Abstract Second argument of a transitive verb, transitive object (P) (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#P)
SubClass Of
TransitiveSubject G TransitiveSubject Transitive Subject
Abstract First argument of a transitive or ditransitive verb. (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#A)
SubClass Of
TranslativeCase G TranslativeCase Translative Case
Abstract TranslativeCase expresses that the referent of the noun, or the quality of the adjective, that it marks is the result of a process of change (Lyons 1968: 299301, Gove, et al. 1966: 813,2429, Sebeok 1946: 17, Hakulinen 1961: 70). X along, across Y. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Translative)
SubClass Of
Trial (trial) G Trial Trial
Abstract Grammatical number referring to 'three things', as opposed to 'singular' and 'plural'. (en2.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial_number; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1407)
SubClass Of
Typo G Typo Typo
Abstract a mis-typed word
SubClass Of
UnaccomplishedAspect (unaccomplished) G UnaccomplishedAspect Unaccomplished Aspect
Abstract aspect that expresses an event or state that is not finished. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2217)
SubClass Of
Uncountable G Uncountable Uncountable
Abstract A mass noun (also uncountable noun or non-count noun) can't be modified by a numeral, occur in singular/plural or co-occur with the relevant kind of determiner. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_noun 19.09.06)
SubClass Of
UndergoerMacroRole G UndergoerMacroRole Undergoer Macro Role
Abstract The least agentive argument of the current clause (van Valin and Lapolla 1997), the designated object (from a semantic perspective).
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
Uninflected G Uninflected Uninflected
Abstract In many inflecting languages, there occur lexemes whose form does not change throughout the paradigm, e.g., Russian papa "dad". For such forms, the category uninflected may be assigned. However, Uninflected is not to be confused with BaseForm that applies to forms in a paradigm where overt marking exists. Uninflected is a characteristic of lexemes, not individual tokens.
SubClass Of
Unique G Unique Unique
Abstract Unique approximates the linguistic concept "Particle". It covers categories with unique or very small membership, such as negative particle, which are `unassigned' to any of the standard part-of-speech categories. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node16.html#mp 19.09.06)
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
UniquitiveDeterminer G UniquitiveDeterminer Uniquitive Determiner
Abstract Determiner/Type="exceptional" is applied to the Persian uniquitive determiner ???? i.e., "the only" (MTE v4; Hamidreza Kobdani, email 2010/06/15, http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#UniquitiveDeterminer)
SubClass Of
UnitNoun G UnitNoun Unit Noun
Abstract Measuring units are frequently used with numerals. However, they have a different syntactic structure than numerals (Sajjad 2007). In European languages, Units are generally expressed as nouns, e.g., English "ten/Numeral kilogram/Unit". "Kilogram" can also be used as a common noun: "The kilogram is losing weight" (http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-12276822) Hassan Sajjad (2007), Urdu Part of Speech Tagset, version 1.0.0.0, 07-12-2007, Center for research in Urdu Language Processing. National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan, http://www.crulp.org/Downloads/langproc/UrduPOStagger/UrduPOStagset.pdf
SubClass Of
Utterance (utterance) G Utterance Utterance
Abstract Complete unit of talk, bounded by the speaker's silence. (www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAnUtterance.htm; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1409)
SubClass Of
VegetableGender G VegetableGender Vegetable Gender
Abstract Vegetable gender refers to inanimates and exists in some four-way gender systems, e.g., masculine, feminine, neuter, and vegetable as in Bininj Gun-wok [Evans 2003: 202].
SubClass Of
Verb (verb) G Verb Verb olia_top_ReflexivityFeature Reflexivity Feature (olia_top) Verb->olia_top_ReflexivityFeature hasReflexivity olia_top_TenseFeature Tense Feature (olia_top) Verb->olia_top_TenseFeature hasTense olia_top_PersonFeature Person Feature (olia_top) Verb->olia_top_PersonFeature hasObjectPerson olia_top_AspectFeature Aspect Feature (olia_top) Verb->olia_top_AspectFeature hasAspect
Abstract A verb is a part of speech that usually denotes action ("bring", "read"), occurrence ("decompose", "glitter"), or a state of being ("exist", "stand"). Depending on the language, a verb may vary in form according to many factors, possibly including its tense, aspect, mood and voice. It may also agree with the person, gender, and/or number of some of its arguments (subject, object, etc.). (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verb 19.09.06)
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
Verbal G Verbal Verbal
Abstract In MULTEXT-East a characteristic of abbreviated verbs (http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#Verbal)
SubClass Of
VerbalAdverb G VerbalAdverb Verbal Adverb
Abstract Adverb/Type="verbal" applies to adverbs derived from from verbs (verbal adverbs) in the Serbian, Macedonian and Hungarian MTE v4 specs. Macedonian verbal adverbs (gerunds) like odejkji are thus not considered as verbal forms, but as Adverb/Type="verbal". (MTE v4) (http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#VerbalAdverb)
SubClass Of
VerbalComplex G VerbalComplex Verbal Complex
Abstract In a German clause, the finite verb can appear in three different positions: verb-second, verb-initial, and verb-final. Only in verb-final clauses the verb complex consisting of the finite verb and non-finite verbal elements forms a unit. The discontinuous positioning of the verbal elements in verb-first and verb-second clauses is the traditional reason for structuring German clauses into fields. The positions of the verbal elements form the Satzklammer (sentence bracket) which divides the sentence into a Vorfeld (initial field), a Mittelfeld (middle field), and a Nachfeld (final field). The Vorfeld and the Mittelfeld are divided by the linke Satzklammer (left sentence bracket), which is the finite verb, the rechte Satzklammer (right sentence bracket) is the verb complex between the Mittelfeld and the Nachfeld. (Telljohann et al. 2009, p.13) The Verbkomplex is a sequence of verb forms. In verb-second and verb-first clauses it consists of one or more non-finite elements or - depending on the verb - of a separable prefix. In verb-final clauses it also contains the finite verb. The rule for the linear order in general is: right determines left. If there is a finite verb in the verb complex, it is usually the right-most element. (Telljohann et al. 2009, p.15)
SubClass Of
VerbalHead G VerbalHead Verbal Head
Abstract A Verb (V) at the syntax layer is either a lexical (VLEX) or a copula verb (VCOP) at the POS layer. Modal verbs and auxiliaries are not annotated in the constituent structure. The verb and its arguments are placed at the same CSn layer. Raising and control verbs are treated like ordinary verbs. They subcategorize for a sentential complement. (Dipper et al 2007, ?3.3.3)
SubClass Of
VerbalNoun G VerbalNoun Verbal Noun
Abstract A verbal noun is a noun formed directly as an inflexion of a verb or a verb stem, sharing at least in part its constructions. This term is applied especially to gerunds, and sometimes also to infinitives and supines. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbal_noun 19.09.06)
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
VerbalParticle G VerbalParticle Verbal Particle
Abstract A verbal particle modifies the verb and carries information on the verb form (e.g., finiteness, tense and aspect). (Dimitrova et al. 2009, Dan Tufis, email 2010/06/09). In the Bulgarian MTE specs, Particle/Type=verbal(v) is used to form different type of verbal syntactical relationships, e.g. to create future tense (?? ???????), or particles like ??, ??. (Dimitrova et al. 2009) The Romanian MTE v4 specs provide a more fine-grained subclassification of (verbal) particles (MTE v4, http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#VerbalParticle)
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
VerbalPredicate G VerbalPredicate Verbal Predicate
Abstract The predicate of the clause is represented by a verbal lexeme. (Ch. Chiarcos)
SubClass Of
VerbPhrase G VerbPhrase Verb Phrase
Abstract VerbPhrase is the class of phrases that have verbs as heads. They can play the role of predicate in a main clause. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/VerbPhrase)
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
VisualEvidentiality G VisualEvidentiality Visual Evidentiality
Abstract VisualEvidentiality encodes the fact that the speaker came to believe the content of the expression through direct visual experience; they saw it [Palmer 2001: 57].
SubClass Of
VocativeExpression (vocative expression) G VocativeExpression Vocative Expression
Abstract An expression referring to a person to which the utterance is addressed, e.g. Old High German "truhtin", "meistar" or "fater". The vocative expression typically occurs outside of the clause and not in an argument position selected by the predicate. (Petrova 2008, see http://purl.org/olia/tcodex.owl)
SubClass Of
VocativeCase G VocativeCase Vocative Case
Abstract Vocative case marks a noun whose referent is being addressed. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/glossaryoflinguisticterms/WhatIsVocativeCase.htm 17.11.06)
SubClass Of
VoiceNoun (voice noun) G VoiceNoun Voice Noun
Abstract noun of a voice (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2253)
SubClass Of
VoiceParticle G VoiceParticle Voice Particle
Abstract E.g., the mediopassive (middle) voice marker se in the Portuguese EAGLES scheme. (Leech and Wilson 1996)
SubClass Of
VolitiveModality (volitive force) G VolitiveModality Volitive Modality
Abstract VolitiveForce indicates that the speaker is willing to perform some action [Palmer 2001: 76].
SubClass Of
VulgarRegister (vulgar register) G VulgarRegister Vulgar Register
Abstract Register of a term or text type that can be characterized as profane or socially unacceptable. (ISO12620; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1998)
SubClass Of
Weak G Weak Weak
Abstract Weak pronouns are helping pronouns many languages have for easily explaining the possessive status of something, to which something belongs. Many languages have different ways to express this. For example, English has distinctive words for all of these: "my", "mine". Germanic languages and Romance languages have the same, but inflect them for gender: (Spanish example) "m?o", "m?a", "m?os" and "m?as" ("mine", in the masculine singular, feminine singular, masculine plural, and feminine plural form, respectively). (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weak_pronoun 20.11.06)
SubClass Of
WeakPersonalPronoun (weak personal pronoun) G WeakPersonalPronoun Weak Personal Pronoun
Abstract Personal pronoun that cannot occupy the position after a preposition and/or reinforce a strong personal pronoun. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1414)
SubClass Of
WeakInflection G WeakInflection Weak Inflection
Abstract German adjectives take the endings of the weak inflection when a determiner expresses number, gender and case. The weak adjective inflection has only two endings: ?e and ?en. (http://www.canoo.net/services/OnlineGrammar/Wort/Adjektiv/Deklinationstyp/Schwach.html 20.11.06) In other Germanic languages, similar systems exist. Weak inflection is a characteristic of lexemes, not individual tokens.
SubClass Of
WeakObligativeModality G WeakObligativeModality Weak Obligative Modality
Abstract WeakObligativeModality indicates that an agent is under a moral obligation to perform the action expressed by the predicate [Bybee, Perkins and Pagliuca 1994: 186-187].
SubClass Of
WHAdjectivePhrase G WHAdjectivePhrase W H Adjective Phrase
Abstract WHADJP ?????? Wh-adjective Phrase. Adjectival phrase containing a wh-adverb, as in how hot. (Bies et al. 1995)
SubClass Of
WHAdverbPhrase G WHAdverbPhrase W H Adverb Phrase
Abstract WHADVP|Wh-adverb phrase. Phrasal category headed by a wh-adverb such as how or why. (Santorini 1991) WHADVP ?????? Wh-adverb Phrase. Introduces a clause with an ADVP gap. May be null (containing the 0 complementizer) or lexical, containing a wh-adverb such as how or why. (Bies et al. 1995)
SubClass Of
WHCleft G WHCleft W H Cleft
Abstract Wh-clefts are constructions in which a wh-clause functions as the subject of a sentence. A simple example is What matters is the price. Here, the wh-clause What matters is the subject, and is the price is the predicate. The internal structure of the subject is: (NP (SBAR (WHNP what) (S (NP T) (VP matters)))) (Santorini 1991)
SubClass Of
WHDeterminer G WHDeterminer W H Determiner
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
WHNounPhrase G WHNounPhrase W H Noun Phrase
Abstract WHNP|Wh-noun phrase. Noun phrase containing (among other things) a wh-determiner, as in which book or whose daughter, or consisting of a wh-pronoun like who. (Santorini 1991) WHNP ?????? Wh-noun Phrase. Introduces a clause with an NP gap. May be null (containing the 0 complementizer) or lexical, containing some wh-word, e.g. who, which book, whose daughter, none of which, or how many leopards. (Bies et al. 1995)
SubClass Of
WHPrepositionalPhrase G WHPrepositionalPhrase W H Prepositional Phrase
Abstract WHPP|Wh-prepositional phrase. Prepositional phrase containing a wh-determiner, as in by whatever means necessary. (Santorini 1991) WHPP ?????? Wh-prepositional Phrase. Prepositional phrase containing a wh-noun phrase (such as of which or by whose authority) that either introduces a PP gap or is contained by a WHNP. (Bies et al. 1995)
SubClass Of
WHPronoun G WHPronoun W H Pronoun
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
WHTypeAdverbs G WHTypeAdverbs W H Type Adverbs
Abstract Adverb that serves to express interrogativity, exclamation or that serves to link a subordinate clause to the matrix clause. (Ch. Chiarcos)
SubClass Of
Sub-Classes
WithComparative G WithComparative With Comparative
Abstract For example, in German the subordinating conjunction "als" is followed by various kinds of comparative clause (including clauses without finite verbs). (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node19.html#oav2u 17.11.06)
SubClass Of
WithFinite G WithFinite With Finite
Abstract For example, in German the subordinating conjunction "weil" introduces a clause with a finite verb. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node19.html#oav2u 17.11.06)
SubClass Of
WithInfinite G WithInfinite With Infinite
Abstract For example, in German the subordinating conjunction "ohne" ("zu"...) is followed by an infinitive. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node19.html#oav2u 17.11.06)
SubClass Of
WordOrderInverse G WordOrderInverse Word Order Inverse
Abstract SINV|Inverted declarative sentence, i.e. one in which the subject follows the verb. See Section 5.19. (Santorini 1991) The SINV label is used for subject-auxiliary inversion in the case of negative inversion, conditional inversion, locative inversion, and some topicalizations. ... SINV ?????? Inverted declarative sentence, i.e. one in which the subject follows the tensed verb or modal. (Bies et al. 1995)
SubClass Of
YesNoQuestion G YesNoQuestion Yes No Question
Abstract There are two types of direct questions: yes-no questions and wh-questions. Yes-no questions should be bracketed as SQ. The auxiliary verb or form of do that precedes the subject in a yes-no question is a child of SQ. Note that yes-no questions need not contain a VP node (Santorini 1991)
SubClass Of
ZeroComplementizer G ZeroComplementizer Zero Complementizer
Abstract 0|Zero represents a zero complementizer (= subordinating conjunction); it may need to be deleted. The zero complementizer is generally the counterpart of the overt complementizer that. Example: I??????m sure 0 he??????ll be here any minute. ... 0 stands in for overt subordinating conjunctions like that in tensed subordinate clauses, including relative clauses. So the relative clause the man I saw should be bracketed as follows: (NP (NP the man) (SBAR 0 (S (NP I) (VP saw) (NP T))))) (Santorini 1991)
SubClass Of
ZeroPronoun G ZeroPronoun Zero Pronoun
Abstract *|An asterisk represents a zero pronoun; it may need to be deleted. ... * is used to represent the empty subject of gerunds, imperatives and to-infinitive clauses. (Santorini 1991) (NP *) ?????? arbitrary PRO, controlled PRO, and trace of A-movement (Bies et al. 1995)
SubClass Of
zuInclusion (zu inclusion) G zuInclusion zu Inclusion
Abstract Inclusion of zu. (DFKI; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1954)
SubClass Of

Object Properties

hasAspect G hasAspect hasAspect
Range
Domain
hasCase G hasCase hasCase
Range
Domain
hasChild G hasChild hasChild
Abstract In hierarchical relations, the parent is modelled as source, the child as target.
hasClusivity G hasClusivity hasClusivity
Range
hasCoordType G hasCoordType hasCoordType
Range
Domain
hasCountability G hasCountability hasCountability
Range
Domain
hasDefiniteness G hasDefiniteness hasDefiniteness
Range
hasDegree G hasDegree hasDegree
Range
Domain
hasEmphasis G hasEmphasis hasEmphasis
Range
hasEvaluativeFeature G hasEvaluativeFeature hasEvaluativeFeature
Range
hasEvidentiality G hasEvidentiality hasEvidentiality
Range
hasGender G hasGender hasGender
Range
Domain
hasInflectionType G hasInflectionType hasInflectionType
Range
hasModality G hasModality hasModality
Sub-Properties
Range
hasMood G hasMood hasMood
Range
hasNumber G hasNumber hasNumber
Sub-Properties
Range
Domain
hasNumeralAgreementClass G hasNumeralAgreementClass hasNumeralAgreementClass
Range
Domain
hasObjectNumber G hasObjectNumber hasObjectNumber
Abstract Number of the object of a transitive verb. (Note that this does not entail of hasNumber).
Range
Domain
hasParent G hasParent hasParent
Abstract In hierarchical relations, the parent is modelled as source, the child as target.
hasPerson G hasPerson hasPerson
Sub-Properties
Range
Domain
hasPolarity G hasPolarity hasPolarity
Range
hasProximity G hasProximity hasProximity
Range
hasReduplicationType G hasReduplicationType hasReduplicationType
Range
hasReferentType G hasReferentType hasReferentType
Range
hasReflexivity G hasReflexivity hasReflexivity
Range
Domain
hasRegister G hasRegister hasRegister
Abstract Classification indicating the relative level of language individually assigned to a lexeme or term or to a text type. (ISO12620; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1988)
Range
hasSemanticRole G hasSemanticRole hasSemanticRole
Range
hasSemanticValency G hasSemanticValency hasSemanticValency
Abstract Semantic valency pertains to the number of semantic arguments a predicate takes. This is not necessarily the same as syntactic valency: In English, expletive "it" is used as a syntactic argument if no semantic argument is available, cf. van Valin and Lapolla (1997).
Range
hasSeparability G hasSeparability hasSeparability
Range
hasSpecificity G hasSpecificity hasSpecificity
Range
hasStrength G hasStrength hasStrength
Range
Domain
hasSubordType G hasSubordType hasSubordType
Domain
hasSyntacticFunction G hasSyntacticFunction hasSyntacticFunction
Abstract Relation to be used when the syntactic function of a constituent is different from its morphosyntactic type, cf. FormFunctionDiscrepancy in the PTB bracketing guidelines, Bies et al. (1995, ?2.2.1)
Range
hasSyntacticRole G hasSyntacticRole hasSyntacticRole
Range
Domain
hasSyntacticValency G hasSyntacticValency hasSyntacticValency
Abstract In annotation schemes for morphosyntax, "valency" normally means syntactic valency, i.e., the number of syntactic arguments a verb/clause takes.
Range
hasTense G hasTense hasTense
Range
Domain
hasUsage G hasUsage hasUsage
Abstract The relative commonness with which a term occurs. (ISO12620; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1965)
Range
hasValency G hasValency hasValency
Range
hasVoice G hasVoice hasVoice
Range
http://purl.org/olia/hasSemanticRole G http__purl_org_olia_hasSemanticRole //purl.org/olia/hasSemanticRole (http)
Namespace http://purl.org/olia/
Range
hasObjectPerson (object person) G hasObjectPerson hasObjectPerson
Abstract person for the object of the verb (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2279)
Range
Domain
olia_system:hasFeature G olia_system_hasFeature hasFeature (olia_system)
Namespace http://purl.org/olia/system.owl#
Sub-Properties
olia_system:hasSource G olia_system_hasSource hasSource (olia_system)
Namespace http://purl.org/olia/system.owl#
Sub-Properties
olia_system:hasTarget G olia_system_hasTarget hasTarget (olia_system)
Namespace http://purl.org/olia/system.owl#
Sub-Properties
hasOwnedNumber (owned number) G hasOwnedNumber hasOwnedNumber
Abstract Indication concerning the number of the possessed thing. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1930)
Range
hasOwnerGender (owner gender) G hasOwnerGender hasOwnerGender
Abstract Indication concerning the gender of the person that ownes something. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1416)
Range
hasOwnerNumber (owner number) G hasOwnerNumber hasOwnerNumber
Abstract The EAGLES-recommended attribute Possessive accounts for the fact that a possessive pronoun or possessive determiner may have two different numbers. This attribute handles the number which is inherent to the possessive form (e.g. Italian "(la) mia", "(la) nostra" as first-person singular and first-person plural) as contrasted with the number it has by virtue of agreeing with a particular noun (e.g. Italian "(la) mia", "(le) mie)". (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node17.html#recc 20.11.06) Indication concerning the number of the person that ownes something. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1417) Inherent plural or singular of possessive pronouns and possessive determiners.
hasOwnerPerson (owner person) G hasOwnerPerson hasOwnerPerson
Abstract Indication concerning the person that ownes something. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1929)
Range
hasSubjectNumber (subject number) G hasSubjectNumber hasSubjectNumber
Abstract Number of the subject of a transitive verb. (By default, this is the meaning of hasNumber).
Range
Domain
hasSubjectPerson (subject person) G hasSubjectPerson hasSubjectPerson
Abstract person for the subject of the verb (in languages with double congruency) (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2278)
Domain