Ontology - olia
- Abstract
- OLiA Reference Model for Morphology, Morphosyntax and Syntax (originally based on the EAGLES recommendations, with modifications in accordance to DCR (ISOcat, June 2013), TDS ontology, GOLD v.03, the SFB 632 annotation guidelines, the MULTEXT-East ontology and various annotation schemes)
- Latest Version
- http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#
Imports
- http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl olia-top
- http://purl.org/olia/system.owl olia_system
- http://purl.org/olia/system.owl olia_system
Classes - Overview
Properties - Overview
- hasAspect
- hasCase
- hasChild
- hasClusivity
- hasCoordType
- hasCountability
- hasDefiniteness
- hasDegree
- hasEmphasis
- hasEvaluativeFeature
- hasEvidentiality
- hasGender
- hasInflectionType
- hasModality
- hasMood
- hasNumber
- hasNumeralAgreementClass
- hasObjectNumber
- hasParent
- hasPerson
- hasPolarity
- hasProximity
- hasReduplicationType
- hasReferentType
- hasReflexivity
- hasRegister
- hasSemanticRole
- hasSemanticValency
- hasSeparability
- hasSpecificity
- hasStrength
- hasSubordType
- hasSyntacticFunction
- hasSyntacticRole
- hasSyntacticValency
- hasTense
- hasUsage
- hasValency
- hasVoice
- http://purl.org/olia/hasSemanticRole
- hasObjectPerson
- olia_system:hasFeature
- olia_system:hasSource
- olia_system:hasTarget
- hasOwnedNumber
- hasOwnerGender
- hasOwnerNumber
- hasOwnerPerson
- hasSubjectNumber
- hasSubjectPerson
Classes
AbbreviatedPronoun | ||
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Abstract | Abbreviation/Syntactic_Type="pronominal" (Romanian), e.g., d-ta/dumneata, d-tale/dumitale, d-voastr?/dumneavoastr?, dv./dumneavoastr?, dvs./dumneavoastr? (http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#Pronominal) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Abbreviation (abbreviation) | ||
Abstract | Abbreviation (from Latin brevis "short") is strictly speaking a shorter form of a word, but more particularly, an abbreviation is a letter or group of letters, taken from a word or words, and employed to represent them for the sake of brevity. For example, the word "abbreviation" can be abbreviated as "abbr." or "abbrev." (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbreviation 19.09.06) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
AbessiveCase | ||
Abstract | AbessiveCase expresses the lack or absence of the referent of the noun it marks. It has the meaning of the English preposition 'without' (Pei and Gaynor 1954: 3,35; Gove, et al. 1966: 3). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Abessive) | |
SubClass Of | ||
AbilitativeModality | ||
Abstract | modality expressed by AbilitativeMood: Abilitative is a mood that indicates ability, comparable to the use of "can" in English. (http://zbb.spinnwebe.com/viewtopic.php?f=7&t=34901) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
AbilitativeMood | ||
Abstract | Abilitative is a mood that indicates ability, comparable to the use of "can" in English. (http://zbb.spinnwebe.com/viewtopic.php?f=7&t=34901) | |
SubClass Of | ||
AblativeCase | ||
Abstract | Case used to indicate locative or instrumental function. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1224) AblativeCase expresses that the referent of the noun it marks is the location from which another referent is moving. It has the meaning 'from'. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Ablative) | |
SubClass Of | ||
AbsoluteTense (absolute tense) | ||
Abstract | Absolute tense refers to a time in relation to the moment of utterance. (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#absoluteTense with reference to http://www.sil.org/linguistics/glossaryoflinguisticterms/whatisabsolutetense.htm") | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
AbsoluteRelativeTense (absolute-relative tense) | ||
Abstract | Absolute-relative tense is a tense that (i) refers to a time in relation to a temporal reference point that, in turn, is referred to in relation to the moment of utterance (ii) in which the time and the reference point are not identical, and (iii) the reference point and the moment of utterance are not identical. (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#absoluteRelativeTense with reference to http://www.sil.org/linguistics/glossaryoflinguisticterms/whatisabsoluterelativetense.htm) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
AbsolutiveAntipassive | ||
Abstract | An Antipassive in which the P or logical object is suppressed or overtly absent. (Klaiman 1991:232) (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/AbsolutiveAntipassive) | |
SubClass Of | ||
AbsolutiveCase | ||
Abstract | Absolutive case marks the first argument of an intransitive verb and the second argument of a transitive verb in ergative-absolutive languages. (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#absolutiveCase) | |
SubClass Of | ||
CessativeAspect (accomplished) | ||
Abstract | Aspect that expresses the cessation of an event or state. (SIL; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2001) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Accusative | ||
Abstract | In nominative-accusative languages, accusative case marks certain syntactic functions, usually direct objects. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/glossaryoflinguisticterms/WhatIsAccusativeCase.htm 17.11.06) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Acronym | ||
Abstract | An acronym is an abbreviation, such as NATO, laser, and ABC, written as the initial letter or letters of words, and pronounced on the basis of this abbreviated written form. Acronyms are used most often to abbreviate names of organizations and long or frequently referenced terms. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acronym 19.09.06) | |
SubClass Of | ||
ActionalModality (actional force) | ||
Abstract | ActionalForce indicates that the speaker or hearer is to undertake some action. Actional force subsumes Imperative, Commissive and Hortatory force. | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
ActiveVoice | ||
Abstract | When the subject is the agent or actor of the verb, the verb is in the active voice. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_voice 17.11.06) Associated with transitivity, when the action is performed by an agent (subject) on another participant (object), or with intransitivity (McIntosh 1984:108). Refers to the category of underived verb forms associated with the basic diathesis: Diathesis=D0:(X=SUBabs/nom) (Y=DIROBacc) (Shibatani 1995:7) (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Active) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
ActorMacroRole | ||
Abstract | The most agentive semantic role of the current clause (van Valin and Lapolla 1997), designated subject (from a semantic point of view) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
AddresseeRole | ||
Abstract | -VOC (vocative) ? marks nouns of address, regardless of their position in the sentence. It is not coindexed to the subject and does not get -TPC when it is sentence-initial. (SQ (NP-VOC Mike) , would (NP-SBJ you) (INTJ please) (VP close (NP the door)) ?) (Bies et al. 1995) | |
SubClass Of | ||
AdessiveCase | ||
Abstract | AdessiveCase expresses that the referent of the noun it marks is the location near/at which another referent exists. It has the meaning of 'at' or 'near' (Crystal 1997: 8). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Adessive) | |
SubClass Of | ||
AditiveCase (aditive case) | ||
Abstract | Case expressing "to" in Basque studies. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1229) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Adjective (adjectif) | ||
Abstract | An Adjective is a noun-modifying expression that specifies the properties or attributes of the nominal referent. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAnAdjective.htm 18.9.06) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
Adjectival | ||
Abstract | In MULTEXT-East a characteristic of attributive pronouns and abbreviated adjectives, e.g., in Ukrainian e.g., ??????/= ?????-???/= ????-???/= ?????/= ??????-???/= ???-????/= ???-??????/= ?????/=, ?????????/?????? ??? ?? ??????/?????? ?????-??????/?????-??? ????-??????/????-??? ????????/????? ??????-??????/??????-??? ??????-????/???-???? ??????-??????/???-?????? ????????/?????, ?????????/?????? ?????-??????/?????-??? ????-??????/????-??? ????????/????? ??????-??????/??????-??? ??????-????/???-???? ??????-??????/???-?????? ????????/?????, ?????????/?????? ????????/?????? ???????/?????? ??? ?? ??????/?????? ??? ?? ?????/?????? ??? ?? ????/?????? ????? ?? ??????/?????-??? ????? ?? ?????/?????-??? ????? ?? ????/?????-??? ????-??????/????-??? ????-?????/????-??? ????-????/????-??? ???? ?? ??????/????-??? ???? ?? ?????/????-??? ???? ?? ????/????-??? ????????/????? ???????/????? ??????/????? ?? ?? ??????/????? ?? ?? ?????/?????, ?????????/?????? ????????/?????? ?????-??????/?????-??? ?????-?????/?????-??? ????-??????/????-??? ????-?????/????-??? ????????/????? ???????/????? ??????-??????/??????-??? ??????-?????/??????-??? ??????-????/???-???? ?????-????/???-???? ??????-??????/???-?????? ?????-??????/???-?????? ????????/????? ???????/?????, ?????????/?????? ????????/?????? ?????-??????/?????-??? ????-??????/????-??? ????-?????/????-??? ????????/????? ??????-??????/??????-??? ??????-????/???-???? ??????-??????/???-?????? ????????/?????, ??????/?????? ?????-???/?????-??? ????-???/????-??? ?????/????? ??????-???/??????-??? ???-????/???-???? ???-??????/???-?????? ?????/?????, ??????/?????? ?????-???/?????-??? ????-???/????-??? ?????/????? ??????-???/??????-??? ???-????/???-???? ???-??????/???-?????? ?????/?????, ??????/?????? ?????-???/?????-??? ????-???/????-??? ?????/????? ??????-???/??????-??? ???-????/???-???? ???-??????/???-?????? ?????/????? (http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#Adjectival) | |
SubClass Of | ||
AdjectivalAdverb | ||
Abstract | An adjectival adverb is an adverb that is formally identical to an adjective. MULTEXT-East Adverb/Type="adjectival" (Serbian, Macedonian, Bulgarian) Bulgarian AdjectivalAdverbs have the same form as adjectives in Gender = neuter, Person = 3, Number = singular. (MTE v4, http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#AdjectivalAdverb) |
|
SubClass Of | ||
AdjectivalModifier | ||
Abstract | A nominal is modified by an adjective. (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#adjectivalModifier) | |
SubClass Of | ||
AdjectivalParticle | ||
Abstract | Particle that serves to form adjective phrases, e.g., Urdu s? (http://purl.org/olia/emille.owl#AdjectivalParticle) | |
SubClass Of | ||
AdjectivePhrase | ||
Abstract | AdjectivePhrase is the class of phrases that have adjectives as heads. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/AdjectivePhrase) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
Adjunction | ||
Abstract | The term \adjunction structure" refers to structures which would be represented by tree diagrams of the general form in (@9). The de ning characteristic of adjunction structures is that a node X dominates another instance of X. (Santorini 1991) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
AdjutativeVoice | ||
Abstract | voice for a construction where the subject of the verb is not an agent of the action denoted by the verb but is assisting an unstated agent in performing the action | |
SubClass Of | ||
AdmonitiveModality | ||
Abstract | Expression of warning (Bybee 1985:22) (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#admonitiveModality) | |
SubClass Of | ||
AdnominalConstituent (adnominal constituent) | ||
Abstract | Each element in a construction is called adnominal that modifies a nominal, such as, all types of attributives, such as adjectives, possessives, prepositional attributes and relative clauses, such as the beautiful house; the neighbour?s house, the house at the sea, the house, that I want. (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#nominalModifier) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
Adposition | ||
Abstract | An adposition is a cover term for prepositions, postpositions and circumpositions. It expresses a grammatical and semantic relation to another unit within a clause. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAnAdposition.htm, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adposition 19.09.06) The majority of cases of adpositions we have to consider in European languages are prepositions. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node17.html#SECTION00062200000000000000 19.09.06) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
Adverb (adverb) | ||
Abstract | An adverb is a part of speech that serves to modify non-nominal parts of speech, i.e., verbs, adjectives (including numbers), clauses, sentences and other adverbs. Modifiers of nouns are primarily determiners and adjectives. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverbs 18.09.06) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
Adverbial | ||
Abstract | -ADV (adverbial) ? marks a constituent other than ADVP or PP when it is used adverbially (e.g., NPs or free (?headless?) relatives). However, constituents that themselves are modifying an ADVP generally do not get -ADV. (Bies et al. 1995) | |
SubClass Of | ||
AdverbialModifier | ||
Abstract | An adverbial modifier modifies a verb. (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#adverbialModifier) | |
SubClass Of | ||
AdverbialParticiple | ||
Abstract | Adverb/Type="participle" is used in the Slovene MTE v4 specs, e.g., 'le?e' / lying. Slovenian adverbial participles are, however, not attested for Resian. (MTE v4)(http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#AdverbialParticiple) | |
SubClass Of | ||
AdverbialSubordinateClause | ||
Abstract | Subordinate clauses with adverbial function are annotated as ADV, e.g. "Tom sleeps when the sun rises." (Dipper et al. 2007, ?4.3.6) | |
SubClass Of | ||
AdverbPhrase | ||
Abstract | An adverb phrase may consist of an adverb, or a sequence of words in which an adverb is the head of the phrase. Adverb phrases may function as adverbials, as in 41: (41) [NP Her beautiful white hat NP] [VP was [ADVP very nearly ADVP] ruined VP] or as modifiers of adjectives, as in 42: (42) [NP Il NP] [VP parle [ADVP infiniment plus couramment ADVP] VP] or noun phrases, as in 43: (43) [NP They NP] [VP let [NP me NP] [VP speak VP] [ADVP now and then ADVP] VP] or as the complement of a preposition, as in 44: (44) [ADVP Strangely enough ADVP] , [NP we NP] [VP received [NP a reply NP] [NP the next day NP] VP] Other examples: (45) [NP The book NP] [VP is [ADVP right here ADVP] VP] (46) [ADVP Como [NP resultado [PP de [NP esa trama NP] PP] NP] ADVP] [VP no se lleva [PP a cabo PP] [NP ninguna acci?n NP] VP] (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/segsasg1/node35.html) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
Affix (affix) | ||
Abstract | Letter or group of letters which are added to a word to make a new word. (Sue Ellen Wright; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1234) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
AffixedPersonalPronoun (affixed personal pronoun) | ||
Abstract | Personnal pronoun that is affixed. (MIRACL & LSCA; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2221) | |
SubClass Of | ||
AgentDeletionPassive | ||
Abstract | The object of the active retains its old case-marking in the passive, the subject of the active cannot appear in the passive clause, and the passive tends to be semantically active. (Givon 1988:419) (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/AgentDeletionPassive) | |
SubClass Of | ||
AgentiveVerb | ||
Abstract | An agentive verb marks the semantic role of agent or the doer of an action. Example: ? ? ?? ? ? ???? ?? Dorji-gi jele s?nu 'Dorji killed the cat' (http://panl10n.net/english/Outputs%20Phase%202/CCs/Bhutan/Papers/2007/0701/PartOfSpeech.pdf) | |
SubClass Of | ||
AgentRole | ||
Abstract | An agentive role is one in which the actor exerts some degree of will(-power) in the execution of the event. (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#agentRole) | |
SubClass Of | ||
AllativeCase | ||
Abstract | AllativeCase expresses motion to or toward the referent of the noun it marks (Pei and Gaynor 1954: 6,9,216; Lyons 1968: 299; Crystal 1985: 1213; Gove, et al. 1966: 55,2359). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Allative) | |
SubClass Of | ||
AllusivePronoun (allusive pronoun) | ||
Abstract | pronoun that have reference to something characterized by allusions. (MIRACL & LSCA; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2223) an invariable pronoun expressing a specific intention by means of unclear term (Khemakhem Aida, 2010-05-10 via isocat-morpho@loria.fr) examples from Arabic (Monica Monachini 2010-05-06 via isocat-morpho@loria.fr): "kam nahaituhu" (how often I forbade him, Hans Wehr), "baas Saar `amra `ashr isniin, gam (= kam) yriid paysikil" (He just turned ten, and here [how] he wants a bicycle, Georgetown University Iraqi Arabic-English Dictionary), "gam (= kam) yurguS imnil-faraH" ([how] he jumped for joy, Georgetown University Iraqi Arabic-English Dictionary) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Animate (animate) | ||
Abstract | Perceived as alive. (ISO12620; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1911) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
AnimateGender | ||
Abstract | One of the two grammatical genders, or classes of nouns, the other being inanimate. Membership in the animate grammatical class is largely based on meanings, in that living things, including humans, animals, spirits, trees, and most plants are included in the animate class of nouns (Valentine 2001: 114). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Animate) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Anticausative | ||
Abstract | An intransitive verb is derived from a basically transitive one with the direct object of the transitive verb corresponding to the subject of the intransitive. (Siewierska 1988:267) (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Anticausative) | |
SubClass Of | ||
AntiCausativeVoice | ||
Abstract | An intransitive verb is derived from a basically transitive one with the direct object of the transitive verb corresponding to the subject of the intransitive [Siewierska 1988: 267]. | |
SubClass Of | ||
Antipassive | ||
Abstract | Derives an intransitive verb from a transitive stem whereby the original agent (only) is cross-referrenced by the absolutive markers on the verb and the original patient, if it appears, is in an oblique phrase. (England 1983:110) (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Antipassive) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
Aorist (aorist) | ||
Abstract | Simple past tense that is predominantly used for narration. Both the perfective and the imperfective forms can be used in the aorist without any restrictions. (www.helsinki.fi/~bontchev/grammar/index.html; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1240) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Apocope (apocopate) | ||
Abstract | deletion of the final element in a word (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2254) | |
SubClass Of | ||
ApplicativeVoice | ||
Abstract | voice which promotes an oblique argument of a verb to the core patient argument and indicates the oblique role within the meaning of the verb | |
SubClass Of | ||
Apposition | ||
Abstract | Apposition is a relation between two phrases: (1) the nucleus phrase and (2) an appositive phrase, generally set o by punctuation, which modi es the nucleus phrase. An example of apposition is given in (@11). (11) Ryukichi Imai, Japan?s ambassador to Mexico, agrees that Mexico may be too eager. Here, Ryukichi Imai is the nucleus phrase, and the phrase enclosed in commas, Japan?s ambassador to Mexico, is the appositive. Instances of apposition should be represented as adjunction structures (see Section 3.1). (Santorini 1991) | |
SubClass Of | ||
ApproximateNumeral | ||
Abstract | Bulgarian has Numeral/Form=approx(a), used for approximate numerals (???????? /about a ten/, ??????? /about a hundred/) (Dimitrova et al. 2009, http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#ApproximateNumeral) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Article | ||
Abstract | An article is a member of a small class of determiners that identify a noun's definite or indefinite reference, and the new or given status. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAnArticle.htm 02.05.07) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
AspectMarkingAuxiliary | ||
Abstract | An auxiliary that marks exclusively aspect, e.g., in Urdu: Auxiliaries: Based on the syntactic nature of Urdu, auxiliaries are divided into two categories. Aspectual auxiliaries always occur after main verb of the sentence. Tense auxiliaries are used to show the time of the action. They occurred at the end of the verb phrase (Sajjad 2007). E.g., Urdu rah?, an auxiliary element is used to mark the durative aspect. (Hardie 2004, http://purl.org/olia/emille.owl#RahaAuxiliary) | |
SubClass Of | ||
AspectParticle | ||
Abstract | In the Romanian MULTEXT-East scheme, a verbal particle with Particle/Type="aspect" modifies the verbs and carries information on the verb form, i.e., on its aspect (Dan Tufis, email 2010/06/09, http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#AspectParticle) | |
SubClass Of | ||
AspirationalVerb | ||
Abstract | It is a verb, which indicates a strong desire to achieve something, without the doer. ???? ? ?? ? ???? ?? dag-pai zhing-lu kewa sh? 'May i be born in pure land' (http://panl10n.net/english/Outputs%20Phase%202/CCs/Bhutan/Papers/2007/0701/PartOfSpeech.pdf) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Atransitive | ||
Abstract | A predicate/verb that takes no argument. English "to rain" is semantically atransitive, hence, an expletive is to be used in "it's raining", cf. van Valin and Lapolla (1997). | |
SubClass Of | ||
AttributiveAdjective | ||
Abstract | An attributive adjective is an adjective that qualifies or modifies a noun and that precedes the noun, e.g."a delicious apple", "a short letter". (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjective 18.09.06) | |
SubClass Of | ||
AttributivePronoun | ||
Abstract | An attributive pronoun is a pronoun that modifies an NP. | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
Augmentative | ||
Abstract | A special form of a noun that signals that the object being referred to is large relative to the usual size of such an object [Crystal 1980: 34]. | |
SubClass Of | ||
AuxiliaryVerb (auxiliary verb) | ||
Abstract | An auxiliary verb is a verb which accompanies the lexical verb of a verb phrase, and expresses grammatical distinctions not carried by the lexical verb, such as person, number, tense aspect, and voice. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAnAuxiliaryVerb.htm 19.09.06) Besides modal verbs ("semiauxiliary") and "strict" auxiliary verbs, also copulas are classified under auxiliary verbs here, as this is a praxis applied in practically every EAGLES-conformant morphosyntactic annotation scheme. Part of speech referring to the set of verbs, subordinate to the main lexical verb which help to make distinction in mood, aspect, voice etc. (Crystal 2003; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1244) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
AversiveCase | ||
Abstract | AversiveCase expresses fear or is literally translated as 'turning from' in some languages [Blake 2001: 156]. | |
SubClass Of | ||
BaseForm | ||
Abstract | Strong inflection is a characteristic of lexemes, not individual tokens. In traditional English tagsets, e.g., SUSANNE or the PennTreeBank tagset, surface ambiguities are normally not resolved. Uninflected forms and forms that have the same form (e.g., "be" as an imperative) are tagged as BaseForm. (Ch. Chiarcos) Since it is impractical (...) to resolve automatically the ambiguity of these six morphological functions, it is a common practice to assign a single value to the base form, or else to assign two values, one for the finite and one for the non-finite functions. Because of this, the tables below show two tagsets: one tagset representing the 6 attribute-values above, and a reduced tagset (`RTags'), which resembles most tagsets so far used for the English language in reducing the six values to two. http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/morphsyn/node150.html#SECTION00054000000000000000 BaseForm is not a characteristic of lexemes, but specific to certain forms in a complex paradigm. | |
SubClass Of | ||
BeAuxiliary (be) | ||
Abstract | Verb used to link the subject of a sentence and its noun or adjective complement or complementing phrase in certain languages. This verb could be used also to form the passive voice. (www.wordreference.com/English/definition.asp?en=be -> 4); http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1246) | |
SubClass Of | ||
BenchLevelRegister (bench-level register) | ||
Abstract | Register of terms used in applications-oriented as opposed to theoretical or academic levels of language. (ISO12620; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1989) | |
SubClass Of | ||
BenefactiveCase | ||
Abstract | BenefactiveCase expresses that the referent of the noun it marks receives the benefit of the situation expressed by the clause (Crystal 1980: 43; Gove, et al. 1966: 203). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Benefactive) | |
SubClass Of | ||
BenefactorRole | ||
Abstract | A beneficiary (benefactor) instantiates the role of an entity (usually animate) who stands to benefit in some way from the event. Prototypically ?benefit? here means ?to do or be good to, to be of advantage or profit to; to improve, help forward? in some way. (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#beneficiaryRole) | |
SubClass Of | ||
BoundClitic (bound) | ||
Abstract | Linked to a particular element. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1933) | |
SubClass Of | ||
BrokenPlural (broken plural) | ||
Abstract | Internal plural that do not have any inflection. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2218) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Bullet (bullet) | ||
Abstract | Sign used to mark an item in a list. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1438) | |
SubClass Of | ||
CardinalNumber | ||
Abstract | A cardinal numeral is a numeral of the class whose members are considered basic in form, used in counting, and used in expressing how many objects are referred to. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsACardinalNumeral.htm 19.09.06) | |
SubClass Of | ||
CaseMarker | ||
SubClass Of | ||
EpistemicNecessityModality (categorical modality) | ||
Abstract | EpistemicNecessityModality indicates that the expressed proposition is known to be true. Also known as CategoricalModality [Palmer 2001: 37, 68-69]. | |
SubClass Of | ||
CausalAdverb | ||
Abstract | Adverb/Type="causal" is used in the Hungarian MTE v4, but no examples are provided. (http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#CausalAdverb) | |
SubClass Of | ||
CausalModality | ||
Abstract | In Inuktitut, causality is expressed by verbal inflection. Causal mood signifies causal relationships in a sentence. (Nowak 1996, p.39) Elke Nowak (1996), Transforming the images: Ergativity and transitivity in Inuktitut (Eskimo). Walter de Gruyter, Berlin. | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
CausalMood | ||
Abstract | In Inuktitut, causality is expressed by verbal inflection. Causal mood signifies causal relationships in a sentence. (Nowak 1996, p.39) Elke Nowak (1996), Transforming the images: Ergativity and transitivity in Inuktitut (Eskimo). Walter de Gruyter, Berlin. | |
SubClass Of | ||
Causative | ||
Abstract | Expressing the causation of an action. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Causative) | |
SubClass Of | ||
CausativeCase (causative case) | ||
Abstract | Case which expresses that the referent of the noun it marks is the cause of the situation expressed by the clause. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1253) | |
SubClass Of | ||
CausativeVoice | ||
Abstract | voice where the subject causes someone or something else to do or be something | |
SubClass Of | ||
CauseRole | ||
Abstract | Cause indicates the reason why something happens and is often expressed by a PP (because of, with, through etc.). Sometimes this role is close to the role of Instrument. The criterion for the choice of tag CAUSE is if the expression can be paraphrased through a clausal subordinate clause. (Dipper et al. 2007, 5.3.10) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Character | ||
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
CharacteristicAdjective | ||
Abstract | It is an adjective, which expresses the character and feature of subject or an object, while modifying a noun. ??? ? ? ? ? ?? Shing-di rim du 'The tree is tall' (http://panl10n.net/english/Outputs%20Phase%202/CCs/Bhutan/Papers/2007/0701/PartOfSpeech.pdf) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Circumposition | ||
Abstract | A circumposition is an adposition with a part before the noun phrase and a part after. It is much less common than prepositions or postpositions. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumposition 19.09.06) | |
SubClass Of | ||
CircumstantialVoice | ||
Abstract | voice that promotes an oblique argument of a verb to the role of subject | |
SubClass Of | ||
Classifier | ||
Abstract | A classifier is a word or affix that expresses the classification of a noun. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAClassifier.htm 19.09.06) Classifiers are a very typical feature of sign languages. In some Asian languages, classifiers are used as particles to combine a noun with a numeral, e.g. chin. _san ge ren_ 'three pieces of people', 'three people' (Bu?mann 2002, under Klassifikator) Bharati et al. (2006, for Indian languages) group Classifiers together with Quantifiers and Numerals, but they do not provide a detailed characterization of this class. Akshar Bharati, Dipti Misra Sharma, Lakshmi Bai, Rajeev Sangal (2006), AnnCorra : Annotating Corpora. Guidelines For POS And Chunk Annotation For Indian Languages, Tech. Rep., L anguage Technologies Research Centre IIIT, Hyderabad, version of 15-12-2006, http://ltrc.iiit.ac.in/tr031/posguidelines.pdf | |
SubClass Of | ||
Clause | ||
Abstract | Clause is the class of constructions that form minimal sentential units. They must include a predicate, all arguments of the predicate, and all modifiers of the predicate and the arguments. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Clause) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
CliticDefiniteArticle (clitic definite article) | ||
Abstract | clitic definite determiner, e.g., in Macedonian, Bulgarian, and Romanian (http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#CliticDeterminerType) | |
SubClass Of | ||
CliticSpecificArticle (clitic specific article) | ||
Abstract | Persian does have an article, but it marks specificity rather than definiteness. The Persian article is similar to the Balkan one (a clitic of pronominal origin that's written together with the word), except that it isn't exactly definite (you can even see it described as an indefinite article). (Ivan A. Derzhanski, p.c. 2010/06/18) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Cliticization (cliticization) | ||
Abstract | In morphosyntax, cliticization is a process by which a complex word is formed by attaching a clitic to a fully inflected word. Exsmple: In Je t'aime, t' is the clitic attached to aime. (http://www.glottopedia.de/index.php/Cliticization) Note that cliticization can also be understood as the process of an independent word developing into a clitic. This is not the meaning intended here, as the OLiA ontologies are currently not applied to the description of diachronic processes. (Chiarcos) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
Clitic (cliticness) | ||
Abstract | Categorization of the different types of clitics (MultText-East; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1903) | |
SubClass Of | ||
CliticElement (cliticness) | ||
Abstract | Note that Clitic covers only one aspect of the original MULTEXT-East (and ISOcat) definitions of cliticness, i.e., that an element is a clitic | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
CloseBracket (close bracket) | ||
Abstract | Punctuation that is graphically represented by ] (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2083) | |
SubClass Of | ||
CloseCurlyBracket (close curly bracket) | ||
Abstract | Punctuation that is graphically represented by } (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2085) | |
SubClass Of | ||
CloseParenthesis (close parenthesis) | ||
Abstract | End of a parenthesis pair. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1440) | |
SubClass Of | ||
CloseAngleBracket | ||
Abstract | > *RAB* Right angle bracket (Santorini 1991) | |
SubClass Of | ||
CloseFuture | ||
Abstract | Adopted from GOLD. No definition given. | |
SubClass Of | ||
CloseQuote | ||
Abstract | quotation mark, closing | |
SubClass Of | ||
CloseSquareBracket | ||
Abstract | ] *RSB* Right square bracket (Santorini 1991) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Collective (collective) | ||
Abstract | A collective number is a number referring to 'a set of things'. Languages that have this feature can use it to get a phrase like 'flock of sheeps' by using 'sheep' in collective number. (en2.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_number; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1254) | |
SubClass Of | ||
CollectiveNumeral | ||
Abstract | Numeral/Type="collect" (Romanian) In traditional Romanian grammars, expressions like am?ndoi "both", to?i trei "all three" are referred to as collective numerals. (MTE v4, http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#CollectiveNumeral) |
|
SubClass Of | ||
CollectivePronoun | ||
Abstract | A pronoun that refers to all elements of a set. | |
SubClass Of | ||
Collocation (collocation) | ||
Abstract | A collocation is any habitually linked group of words - a kind of lexical partnership, e.g. 'fish and chips', 'salt and pepper', 'don't mention it', 'it's nothing...', 'Oh well!', 'bangers and mash'... and so on. Many idioms or idiomatic phrases exhibit collocation, e.g. in a jiffy. (http://www.englishbiz.co.uk/grammar/main_files/definitionsa-m.htm) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
Colon (colon) | ||
Abstract | Sign with two vertical points that is used in writing and printing to introduce an explanation, example or quotation. (Gil Francopoulo; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1439) | |
SubClass Of | ||
ComitativeCase | ||
Abstract | ComitativeCase expresses accompaniment. It carries the meaning 'with' or 'accompanied by' (Anderson, Stephen 1985: 186; Pei and Gaynor 1954: 42;Dixon, R. 1972: 12; Gove, et al. 1966: 455). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Comitative) | |
SubClass Of | ||
ComitativeRole | ||
Abstract | Comitative carries the meaning 'with' or 'accompanied by' (Anderson, Stephen 1985: 186; Pei and Gaynor 1954: 42;Dixon, R. 1972: 12; Gove, et al. 1966: 455). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Comitative) Comitative applies to an animate entity that accompanies a participant of the action. (Dipper et al. 2007, ?5.3.12) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Comma (comma) | ||
Abstract | Mark (,) used in writing to show a short pause or to separate items in a list. (Longman DCE 2005; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1448) | |
SubClass Of | ||
CommissiveModality (commissive force) | ||
Abstract | CommissiveForce indicates that the speaker promises or threatens to perform some action [Palmer 2001: 10, 72]. | |
SubClass Of | ||
CommonGender | ||
Abstract | Common is an optional attribute for nouns in EAGLES. The Common gender contrasts with Neuter in a two-gender system e.g. Danish, Dutch. This value is also used for articles, pronouns and determiners especially for Danish. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node19.html#oav2at 17.11.06) | |
SubClass Of | ||
CommonlyUsed (commonly used) | ||
Abstract | Said of a term that appears frequently. (ISO12620; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1984) | |
SubClass Of | ||
CommonNoun | ||
Abstract | A common noun is a noun that signifies a non-specific member of a group. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsACommonNoun.htm 19.09.06) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
Comparative | ||
Abstract | The comparative is the form of an adjective or adverb which denotes the degree or grade by which a person, thing, or other entity has a property or quality greater or less in extent than that of another. In English the structure of a comparative consists normally of the positive form of the adjective or adverb, plus the suffix -er, or (especially in the case of longer words) the modifier "more" (or "less") before the adjective or adverb. The form is usually completed by "than" and the noun which is being compared, e.g. "he is taller than his father is", or "the village is less picturesque than the town near by is". (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative 17.11.06) | |
SubClass Of | ||
ComparativeParticle (comparative particle) | ||
Abstract | Particle used to compare. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1922) | |
SubClass Of | ||
ComplementClause | ||
Abstract | In noun phrases like the fact that she is late, the subordinate clause that she is late is a complement of the noun fact and should not be confused with a relative clause. (Note that the embedded clause she is late is not missing a constituent; by contrast, in a relative clause construction like the TV that she bought the other day, the clause that she bought the other day is incomplete.) The entire noun phrase should be bracketed as a sister of the head noun. (NP the fact (SBAR that (S (NP she) (VP is (ADJP late))))) (Santorini 1991) | |
SubClass Of | ||
ComplementizerField | ||
Abstract | The C-Feld occurs in verb-final clauses in German (exception: the conjunction als in subordinated sentences of comparison als w?are es nie geschehen.). It is obligatorily occupied in finite verb-final clauses if there is no conjunction in the Linke Klammer. In non-finite verb-final clauses the C-position may be empty. This field can be occupied by conjunctions of sentential objects (e.g. da?, ob) or sentence initial conjunctions like um, obwohl, wenn and also by complex interrogative or relative phrases, e.g. ..., ?um wieviel Geld? geht es dabei? / ..., ?an der? Max Daniel Professor f?ur Klavier ist. (Telljohann et al. 2009, p.17) | |
SubClass Of | ||
CompletiveAspect (completive) | ||
Abstract | To do something thoroughly and to completion. | |
SubClass Of | ||
Composition | ||
Abstract | In linguistics, a compound is a lexeme (less precisely, a word) that consists of more than one stem. Compounding or composition is the word formation that creates compound lexemes (the other word-formation process being derivation). Compounding or Word-compounding refers to the faculty and device of language to form new words by combining or putting together old words. In other words, compound, compounding or word-compounding occurs when a person attaches two or more words together to make them one word. The meanings of the words interrelate in such a way that a new meaning comes out which is very different from the meanings of the words in isolation. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_%28linguistics%29) | |
SubClass Of | ||
CompoundPreposition (compound preposition) | ||
Abstract | Preposition that is a aggregation of words (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1934) | |
SubClass Of | ||
ConditionalModality (conditional) | ||
Abstract | In Inuktitut, conditionality is expressed by verbal inflection. Conditional mood signifies conditional relationships in a sentence. (Nowak 1996, p.39) A conditional relation is a logical relation in which the illocutionary act employing one of a pair of propositions is expressed or implied to be true or in force if the other proposition is true. (www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAConditionalRelation.htm; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1258) Elke Nowak (1996), Transforming the images: Ergativity and transitivity in Inuktitut (Eskimo). Walter de Gruyter, Berlin. | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
ConditionalMood (conditional) | ||
Abstract | In Inuktitut, conditionality is expressed by verbal inflection. Conditional mood signifies conditional relationships in a sentence. (Nowak 1996, p.39) A conditional relation is a logical relation in which the illocutionary act employing one of a pair of propositions is expressed or implied to be true or in force if the other proposition is true. (www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAConditionalRelation.htm; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1258) Elke Nowak (1996), Transforming the images: Ergativity and transitivity in Inuktitut (Eskimo). Walter de Gruyter, Berlin. | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
ConditionalParticle (conditional particule) | ||
Abstract | conditional particule (MIRACL & LSCA; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2230) | |
SubClass Of | ||
ConditionalPronoun (conditional pronoun) | ||
Abstract | conditional pronoun (MIRACL & LSCA; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2222) | |
SubClass Of | ||
ConditionalClause | ||
Abstract | Conditional clauses refer to a hypothetical situation, in English they are introduced by 'if' or 'unless'. (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#conditionalClause) | |
SubClass Of | ||
ConditionalIrrealisModality | ||
Abstract | Conditional Mood (modality) with Irrealis meaning (ILPOSTS) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
ConditionalIrrealisMood | ||
Abstract | Conditional Mood (modality) with Irrealis meaning (ILPOSTS) | |
SubClass Of | ||
ConditionalParticiple | ||
Abstract | e.g. Bengali ????? (bujhle) from ???? (bojha) "to understand" (http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9D%E0%A6%BE) | |
SubClass Of | ||
ConditionalRealisModality | ||
Abstract | Conditional Mood (modality) with Realis meaning (ILPOSTS) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
ConditionalRealisMood | ||
Abstract | Conditional Mood (modality) with Realis meaning (ILPOSTS) | |
SubClass Of | ||
ConditionalVerb | ||
Abstract | A conditional verb is a verb form in many languages. It is used to express degrees of certainty or uncertainty and hypothesis about past, present, or future. Such forms often occur in conditional sentences. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conditional_mood 19.09.06) | |
SubClass Of | ||
ConditionRole | ||
Abstract | Adverbial that denotes a condition. (Petrova and Odebrecht 2011) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Conjugated (conjugated) | ||
Abstract | Property of a verbal form when inflected (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2207) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Conjunct | ||
Abstract | TIGER edge label CJ | |
SubClass Of | ||
Conjunction (conjunction) | ||
Abstract | A conjunction is a word that syntactically links words or larger constituents, and expresses a semantic relationship between them. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAConjunction.htm 19.09.06) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
ConjunctionPhrase | ||
Abstract | Multi-word conjunction Besides the usual and, or, but, etc., certain prepositions and subordinating conjunctions can be used as coordinating conjunctions. Multi-word coordinating conjunctions are labeled CONJP (see section 7 [Coordination]). ... CONJP ? Conjunction Phrase. Used to mark certain ?multi-word? conjunctions, such as as well as, instead of. (Bies et al. 1995) | |
SubClass Of | ||
ContablativeCase | ||
Abstract | ContablativeCase expresses that the referent of the noun it marks is the location from near which another referent is moving. It has the meaning 'from near'. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Contablative) | |
SubClass Of | ||
ContallativeCase | ||
Abstract | ContallativeCase expresses that something is moving toward the vicinity of the referent of the noun it marks. It has the meaning 'towards the vicinity of'. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Contallative) | |
SubClass Of | ||
ConterminativeCase | ||
Abstract | ConterminativeCase expresses the notion of something moving into the vicinity of the referent of the noun it marks, but not through that region. It has the meaning 'moving into the vicinity of'. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Conterminative) | |
SubClass Of | ||
ContextualVariation | ||
Abstract | Variation on a particular usage or immediate proximity of words. | |
SubClass Of | ||
ContinuousAspect | ||
Abstract | Similar to progressive, however an aspect is continuous versus progressive when it is anchored to non-punctual time reference (Salaberry 2002:264). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Continuous) | |
SubClass Of | ||
ContlativeCase | ||
Abstract | ContlativeCase expresses that the referent of the noun it marks is the location in the vicinity of which another referent is moving. It has the meaning 'in the vicinity of'. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Contlative) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Contraction | ||
Abstract | no definition given | |
SubClass Of | ||
ContrastiveEmphaticParticle | ||
SubClass Of | ||
ContrastiveParticle | ||
Abstract | Contrastive particle, e.g., (one of the uses of) Urdu t?: vo urd? parh? g? "He will study Urdu." (simple statement) vo t? urd? parh? g? "HE will study Urdu." (Contrast: the other students may not.) (Schmidt 1999, p. 232, see http://purl.org/olia/emille.owl#ContrastiveEmphaticParticle) | |
SubClass Of | ||
CoordinateClause | ||
Abstract | A coordinate clause is a clause belonging to a series of two or more clauses which are not syntactically dependent on one another, and are joined by means of a coordinate conjunction, a connective or parataxis. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/glossaryoflinguisticterms/WhatIsACoordinateClause.htm). | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
CoordinatingConjunction | ||
Abstract | Coordinating conjunctions, also called coordinators, are conjunctions that join two items of equal syntactic importance. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_conjunction 19.09.06) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
Coordination | ||
Abstract | As has already been shown in some of the preceding examples, the issue of coordination necessarily arises: how is coordination to be represented in terms of constituency? Different approaches have been taken, and in the example analyses given in this document, we have chosen to take a traditional approach, showing the coordinated constituents at the same level, with the conjunction between them (see also 47 and 48): (51) [NP [NP John NP] and [NP Mary NP] NP] (52) She went [PP [PP to the library PP] or [PP to the cafeteria PP] PP] (53) He works [ADVP [ADVP very slowly ADVP] but [ADVP very meticulously ADVP] ADVP] However, in practice, in an automated parsing system, this is not an easy differentiation to make, and in some existing schemes, a slightly less satisfactory solution has been found, viz. analysing coordination in a similar fashion to subordination. Most constituents (both phrases and clauses) can be coordinated, but the extent to which this is possible will differ across languages. The conjuncts may be marked as such by separate descriptors: NPtex2html_wrap_inline4084 etc. However, there are many occasions where the conjuncts are not of the same formal category, or where they do not correspond to an entire phrasal or clausal constituent. There is much to be said, in these cases, or perhaps for all cases of coordination, for the use of a generalised label applied to all coordinate constituents or conjuncts, e.g. the label CO used in the TOSCA system. We do not offer a definitive solution for the annotation of coordination, and the many variants of coordination will not be considered further in this report. See Sampson (1995: 310f) for a detailed treatment. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/segsasg1/node37.html) | |
SubClass Of | ||
CoordinationParticle (coordination particle) | ||
Abstract | particle for coordination (MIRACL & LSCA; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2227) | |
SubClass Of | ||
CoordinatorField | ||
Abstract | The KOORD-field is the field for coordinating particles in the German clause. In contrast to the PARORD-field, it can optionally occur as the left-most element of all clause types. (Telljohann et al. 2009, p.17) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Copula (copula) | ||
Abstract | A copula is an intransitivity verb which links a subject to a noun phrase, an adjective or an other constituent which expresses the predicate. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsACopula.htm 19.09.06) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Correlative | ||
Abstract | When the same word is also placed before the first conjunct, as in French "ou...ou...", the former occurrence is given the Correlative value and the latter the Simple value. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node18.html#oav1av 17.11.06) | |
SubClass Of | ||
CorrelativeCoordinatingConjunction | ||
Abstract | Conjunction/Coord_Type="correlat" (Romanian). In Romanian, there are three kinds of conjunctions depending on their usage: as such or together with other conjunctions or adverbs: (1) simple, between conjuncts: Ion ori Maria (John or Mary); (2) repetitive, before each conjunct: fie Ion fie Maria fie... (either John or Mary or...) (3) correlative, before a conjoined phrase, it requires specific coordinators between conjuncts: at?t mama c?t ?i tata (both mother and father). (MTE v4, http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#CorrelativeCoordinatingConjunction) | |
SubClass Of | ||
CosubordinateClause | ||
SubClass Of | ||
Countable | ||
Abstract | A countable noun (also count noun) is a noun which can be modified by a numeral and occur in both singular and plural form, as well as co-occurring with quantificational determiners like every, each, several, most, etc.. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countable_noun 19.09.06) | |
SubClass Of | ||
CountableNoun | ||
Abstract | A countable noun (also count noun) is a noun which can be modified by a numeral and occur in both singular and plural form, as well as co-occurring with quantificational determiners like every, each, several, most, etc.. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countable_noun 19.09.06) | |
CountNumber | ||
Abstract | MULTEXT-East feature Number="count" (Nouns in Serbian, Macedonian, Bulgarian), e.g., Bulgarian ???/??, ???????/??????, ???/??, ??????/?????, ??????/??????, ?????/???? (http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#CountNumber) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Date | ||
Abstract | Date is a stretch of text that specifies a specific point in time and that is not further linguistically analysed. (Chiarcos) | |
SubClass Of | ||
TemporallyDefinedUsage (dating) | ||
Abstract | Indication specifying whether the usage is old or modern. | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
DativeCase | ||
Abstract | Dative case marks indirect objects (for languages in which they are held to exist), or nouns having the role of a recipient (as of things given), a beneficiary of an action, or a possessor of an item. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/glossaryoflinguisticterms/WhatIsDativeCase.htm 17.11.06) | |
SubClass Of | ||
DebitiveModality | ||
Abstract | Mood to express necessity or requirement | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
DebitiveMood | ||
Abstract | Mood to express necessity or requirement | |
SubClass Of | ||
DeclarativeModality | ||
Abstract | Pertaining to the mood or mode of a verb form or clause such that it predicates a type of (formal) assertion (OED). (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#declarativeModality) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
DeclarativeMood | ||
Abstract | Pertaining to the mood or mode of a verb form or clause such that it predicates a type of (formal) assertion (OED). (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#declarativeModality) Unlike DeclarativeModality, a DeclarativeMood is morphologically marked. | |
SubClass Of | ||
DeclarativePunctuation | ||
Abstract | Punctuation used at the end a declarative sentence. | |
SubClass Of | ||
DeclarativeSentence | ||
Abstract | S|Simple declarative clause, i.e. one that is not introduced by a (possibly empty) subordinating conjunction or wh-word and that does not exhibit subject-verb inversion. (Santorini 1991) Simple declarative sentences: (S (NP-SBJ Casey) (VP threw (NP the ball))) ... S ?????? Simple declarative clause, i.e. one that is not introduced by a (possibly empty) subordinating conjunction or wh-word and that does not exhibit subject-verb inversion. (Bies et al. 1995) | |
SubClass Of | ||
DeductiveEvidentiality | ||
Abstract | DeductiveEvidentiality encodes the fact that the speaker came to believe the content of the expression through a sound inference procedure. [Palmer 2001: 6-8]. | |
SubClass Of | ||
DeficientVerb | ||
Abstract | verb lacking certain morphosyntactic properties | |
SubClass Of | ||
Definite | ||
Abstract | Value referring to the capacity of identification of an entity. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2004) An entity is specified as definite when it refers to a particularized individual of the species denoted by the noun. (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#definite) Definite noun phrases are used to refer to entities which are specific and identifiable in a given context. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definiteness 20.11.06) | |
SubClass Of | ||
DefiniteArticle | ||
Abstract | A definite article is used before singular and plural nouns that refer to a particular member of a group. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_%28grammar%29 18.09.06) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
DegreeAdverb (degree adverb) | ||
Abstract | Any adverb which modifies an adjective, an adverb, a verbal particle, a preposition, a conjunction or a determiner is a degree adverb. (http://xlex.uni-muenster.de/Portal/MTPE/tagsetDescriptionEN.doc, p. 113, 8.1 Degree Adverbs 23.09.06) Also known as specifier adverb (http://www.unlweb.net/unlarium/dictionary/export_tagset.php) | |
SubClass Of | ||
DelativeCase | ||
Abstract | DelativeCase expresses motion downward from the referent of the noun it marks (Pei and Gaynor 1954: 53; Gove, et al. 1966: 595). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Delative) | |
SubClass Of | ||
DemonstrativeAdverb | ||
Abstract | Pronominal adverb derived from a demonstrative stem (Ch. Chiarcos) | |
SubClass Of | ||
DemonstrativeDeterminer | ||
Abstract | Demonstratives are deictic expressions (they depend on an external frame of reference) which indicate entities a speaker refers to, and distinguishes those entities from others. Demonstratives are usually employed for spatial deixis (using the context of the physical surroundings), but in many languages they double as discourse deictics, referring not to concrete objects but to words, phrases and propositions mentioned in speech. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonstrative 19.09.06) | |
SubClass Of | ||
DemonstrativeModifier | ||
Abstract | A nominal is modified by a demonstrative. (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#demonstrativeModifier) | |
SubClass Of | ||
DemonstrativePronoun | ||
Abstract | Demonstrative pronouns are deictic words (they depend on an external frame of reference). They indicate which entities a speaker refers to, and distinguishes those entities from others. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonstrative_pronoun 19.09.06) | |
SubClass Of | ||
DemonstrativeQuantifier | ||
Abstract | In the Czech and Slovak MTE v4 specs, Numeral/Class="demonstrative" are items meaning `this many/much', etc. Strictly speaking, they are pronumerals (pro-quantifiers), but traditional descriptions don't recognise such a category, so they are described variously as pronouns (because they contain a demonstrative element) or as numerals (because their syntactic distribution is that of numerals, or very close)." (Ivan A Derzhanski, email 2010/06/11, http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#DemonstrativeQuantifier) | |
SubClass Of | ||
DeponentMiddle | ||
Abstract | Action denotes physical/mental disposition of subject. (Siewierska 1988:257) (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/DeponentMiddle) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Derivation (derivation) | ||
Abstract | Change in the form of a linguistic unit, usually modification in the base/root or affixation to create a new word. (Sue Ellen Wright + Gil Francopoulo; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1271) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
DeterminalPronoun | ||
Abstract | The Estonian determinal pronouns _ise_, _end(a)_ `(one)self'." combine aspects of emphatic pronouns and reflexive pronouns. It could also be described as an intensifier that is formally identical with the reflexive pronoun or as an emphatic reflexive pronoun. (Ivan A. Derzhanski, Heiki-Jaan Kaalep, http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#DeterminalPronoun; Insa G?lzow (2006), The acquisition of intensifiers: Emphatic reflexives in English and German child language, Mouton de Gruyter, Berlin, p. 258) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Determiner (determiner) | ||
Abstract | A determiner is a noun modifier that expresses the reference of a noun or noun phrase in the context, including quantity, rather than attributes expressed by adjectives. This part of speech is defined in some languages, such as in English, as it is distinct from adjectives grammatically, though most English dictionaries still identify the determiners as adjectives. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Determiner 19.09.06) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
DeterminerPhrase | ||
Abstract | Certain pronouns serving as determiners in noun phrases may be premodified, for instance, by degree adverbs such as in German "so viele ?Altere", "gar kein Schutz", etc. In the case of "so viele ?ltere", the premodifying adverb so is attached to the indefinite pronoun viele. Together, they form a determiner phrase (DP), which is attached to the head noun ?ltere on the same level: [so viele] ?ltere (Telljohann et al. 2009, p.63) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Diacritic | ||
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
DialectRegister (dialect register) | ||
Abstract | Register that is specific to a dialect. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1990) | |
SubClass Of | ||
DifferentialPronoun | ||
Abstract | A pronoun, which classifies or differentiates(pronoun) by a single basis, like everybody; each; individual etc. ? ??? ? ? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??? ? Drupai Miser Gara Enrung Dzongkha Sheg? 'Every Bhutanese must know Dzongkha' (http://panl10n.net/english/Outputs%20Phase%202/CCs/Bhutan/Papers/2007/0701/PartOfSpeech.pdf) | |
SubClass Of | ||
DigitNumeral | ||
Abstract | Numeral expressed by Arabic digits. | |
SubClass Of | ||
Diminuitive | ||
Abstract | A diminutive is a formation of a word used to convey a slight degree of the root meaning, smallness of the object or quality named, encapsulation, intimacy, or endearment. It is the opposite of an augmentative. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diminutive) | |
SubClass Of | ||
DiminutiveNoun (diminutive noun) | ||
Abstract | diminutive noun (MIRACL LSCA; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2225) | |
SubClass Of | ||
DirectCase | ||
Abstract | In the Romanian case system the value 'direct' conflates 'nominative' and 'accusative', e.g., -acea/acel, -aceasta/acesta, -aceast?/acest (http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#DirectCase) | |
SubClass Of | ||
DirectionRole | ||
Abstract | -DIR (direction) ?????? marks adverbials that answer the questions ??????from where??????? and ??????to where??????? It implies motion, which can be metaphorical as in ??????...rose 5 pts. to 57-1/2?????? or ??????increased 70% to 5.8 billion yen?????? (see section 23 [??????Financialspeak?????? Conventions]). -DIR is most often used with verbs of motion/transit and financial verbs: (S (NP-SBJ I) (VP flew (PP-DIR from (NP Tokyo)) (PP-DIR to (NP New York)))) (Bies et al. 1995) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
DirectObject | ||
Abstract | A direct object is a grammatical relation that exhibits a combination of certain independent syntactic properties, such as the following: the usual grammatical characteristics of the patient of typically transitive verbs; particular case marking; a particular clause position; the conditioning of an agreement affix on the verb; the capability of becoming the clause subject in passivization; the capability of reflexivization. The identification of the direct object relation may be further confirmed by finding significant overlap with similar direct object relations previously established in other languages. This may be done by analyzing correspondence between translation equivalents (Crystal 1985: 94; Hartmann and Stork 1972: 155; Mish et al. 1990: 358; Comrie 1989: 66; Andrews, Avery 1985: 68,120,126; Comrie 1985a: 337). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/directObject) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
DirectQuestion | ||
Abstract | There are two types of direct questions: yes-no questions and wh-questions. Yes-no questions should be bracketed as SQ. The auxiliary verb or form of do that precedes the subject in a yes-no question is a child of SQ. Note that yes-no questions need not contain a VP node (Santorini 1991) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
DirectSpeech | ||
Abstract | added in accordance with TIGER | |
SubClass Of | ||
DirectVoice | ||
Abstract | Signals that the action proceeds in an ontologically salient way, i.e. that salience is assigned to nominals based on their referent's relative real-world capacities to control situations. (Klaiman 1991:32) (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/DirectVoice) | |
SubClass Of | ||
DirectWHQuestion | ||
Abstract | SBARQ|Direct question introduced by a wh-word or wh-phrase. See Section 5.32. Indirect questions and relative clauses should be bracketed as SBAR, not SBARQ. (Santorini 1991) Wh-questions should be bracketed as SBARQ. The wh-constituent (whether it is a subject or not) is a child of SBARQ; the rest of the question is an SQ. If the wh-constituent is a subject or an object, the position where it is interpreted should be represented by the empty element T. (Santorini 1991) The SBARQ label marks wh-questions (i.e., those that contain a gap and therefore require a trace). A further level of structure, SQ, contains the inverted auxiliary (if there is one) and the rest of the sentence. The inverted auxiliary in wh-questions is not labeled. ... SBARQ ?????? Direct question introduced by a wh-word or wh-phrase. See section 1 [Overview of Basic Clause Structure]. Indirect questions and relative clauses should be bracketed as SBAR, not SBARQ. (Bies et al. 1995) | |
SubClass Of | ||
DiscourseMarker | ||
Abstract | Generally, discourse markers are expressions or phrases of greeting, apologizing, thanking, short emotional utterances, and interjections. Their node label is DM. ... Typical discourse markers are: ja, nein, hallo, oh, aha, pst, nunja, gewi?, toll, nun ja, etc. (Telljohann et al. 2009, p. 136) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Distal | ||
Abstract | The referent denoted by a distal demonstrative pronoun (e.g., English that) is usually spatially more remote or discoursally less salient as compared to a referent denoted by a proximal demonstrative pronoun (e.g., English this) (Chiarcos) | |
SubClass Of | ||
DistinctiveParticle (distinctive particle) | ||
Abstract | distinctive particle (MIRACL & LSCA; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2228) | |
SubClass Of | ||
DistributiveCase | ||
Abstract | The distributive case is used on nouns for the meanings of per or each, e.g., Hungarian egyenk?nt/egy, hetenk?nt/h?t, ilyenk?nt/ily, k?thetenk?nt/k?th?t, rekordonk?nt/rekord, t?mb?nk?nt/t?mb, v?rcsoportonk?nt/v?rcsoport In Hungarian it is -nk?nt and expresses the manner when something happens to each member of a set one by one (e.g., fejenk?nt "per head", esetenk?nt "in some case"), or the frequency in time (hetenk?nt "once a week", t?zpercenk?nt "every ten minutes"). In the Finnish language, this adverb type is rare, even rarer in the singular. Its ending is -ttain/-tt?in. The basic meaning is "separately for each". For example, maa ("country") becomes maittain for an expression like Laki ratifioidaan maittain ("The law is ratified separately in each country"). It can be used to distribute the action to frequent points in time, e.g., p?iv? (day) has the plural distributive p?ivitt?in (each day). It can mean also "in (or with) regard to the (cultural) perspective" when combined with a word referring to an inhabitant (-lais-). Frequently Finns (suomalaiset) say that suomalaisittain tuntuu oudolta, ett?, or "in the Finnish perspective, it feels strange that". (http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#DistributiveCase, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributive_case) | |
SubClass Of | ||
DistributivePronoun | ||
Abstract | When the subject is conjoined, the reflexive cannot refer to only one of them. The proform has to be a distributive pronoun, i.e., the reduplicated form, when it has coreference to respective subjects, e.g., *kumaarum_i/Kumar.and umaavum_j/Uma.and tan_i+j/self-poss puunekki/cat.to paalu/milk kuDuttaanaanga/give-pst-aggr. "*Kumar_i and Uma gave milk to his_i/her_j cat." (Annamalai 2000, p. 189, on Tamil) Unlike reciprocals, the two parts of a distributive pronoun cannot be considered as two full, independent NPs. In "awar/1 awar/2", only "awar/2" is case marked; "awar/1" is its citation form. Also, the two parts cannot be separated by intervening material (cf. English "one another"). (Jayaseelan 2000, p. 149, on Malayalam) (K.A. Jayaseelan, 2000, Lexical anaphors and pronouns in Malayalam, In: Barbara C. Lust, Kashi Wali, James W. Gair, K.V.Subharao (eds.), Lexical Anaphors and Pronouns in Selected South Asian Languages. A Principled Typology, Mouton de Gruyter, Berlin, p. 113-168) (E. Annamalai, 2000, Lexical anaphors and pronouns in Tamil, , In: Barbara C. Lust, Kashi Wali, James W. Gair, K.V.Subharao (eds.), Lexical Anaphors and Pronouns in Selected South Asian Languages. A Principled Typology, Mouton de Gruyter, Berlin, p. 169-216) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Ditransitive | ||
Abstract | A predicate/verb that takes two arguments, e.g., English "to give", cf. van Valin and Lapolla (1997). | |
SubClass Of | ||
DitransitiveTheme | ||
Abstract | Ditransitive theme (T) (Siewierska 2004:57). (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#T) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Point (dot) | ||
Abstract | Sign (.) used to expresses the end of a sentence or an abbreviation. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1445) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Dual (dual) | ||
Abstract | Form used in some languages to designate two persons or things. (ISO12620; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1879) | |
SubClass Of | ||
DualQuantifier | ||
Abstract | Quantifiers that enforce dual agreement (i.e., as with the numeral "2"). Some feminine and neuter body parts in Czech have preserved dual forms, and if the noun is dual, so are its attributes (adjectives, pronouns). So the agreement of the numeral 2 differs formally from 3-4 (Ivan A. Derzhanski, email 2010/06/16, http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#DualQuantifier) Numeral/Class="definite", Numeral/Class="definite1", Numeral/Class="definite234" etc. refer to specific patterns of congruency with Slavic numerals that originate from the difference between Old Slavic singular (definite1), dual (definite2, definite234) and plural (definite). (http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#DualQuantifier) | |
SubClass Of | ||
DubitiveModality | ||
Abstract | DubitiveMood indicates a speaker's doubt or uncertainty about a proposition (Palmer 2001). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Dubitive) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
DubitiveMood | ||
Abstract | DubitiveMood indicates a speaker's doubt or uncertainty about a proposition (Palmer 2001). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Dubitive) | |
SubClass Of | ||
DurativeAspect | ||
Abstract | Events which involve some duration (Bhat 1999:58). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Durative) | |
SubClass Of | ||
DynamicAspect | ||
Abstract | dynamic aspect (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#dynamicityAspect) | |
SubClass Of | ||
EchoWord (echo word) | ||
Abstract | The word is a copy of a previous word. In Hindi, this would add the meaning of distribution ("one rupee each"), separation ("sit separately"), variety, diversity or just emphasis. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-4209, reduplicative) Echo word is a linguistic term that refers to a particular kind of reduplication which is a widespread areal feature in the languages of South Asia. Echo words are characterized by reduplication of a complete word or phrase, with the initial segment or syllable of the reduplicant being overwritten by a fixed segment or syllable. In most languages in which this phenomenon is present, echo words serve to express a meaning of "... and such; and things like that." In some cases the echo word may express a depreciative meaning as well. Echo words in Hindi are typically created with a fixed initial v: aam "mango" aam vaam "mangoes and the like" tras "grief" tras vras "grief and the like" (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echo_word) | |
SubClass Of | ||
ElativeCase | ||
Abstract | ElativeCase expresses that the referent of the noun it marks is the location out of which another referent is moving. It has the meaning 'out of' (Lyons 1968: 299; Pei and Gaynor 1954: 64; Crystal 1985: 106; Gove, et al. 1966: 730). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Elative) | |
SubClass Of | ||
ElativeDegree | ||
Abstract | MULTEXT-East Degree="elative" (Adjective: Resian, Serbian, Macedonian) In Semitic languages, ElativeDegree refers to the ?adjective of superiority.? In some languages such as Arabic, the concepts of comparative and superlative degree of an adjective are merged into a single form, the elative. How this form is understood or translated depends upon context and definiteness. In the absence of comparison, the elative conveys the notion of ?greatest?, ?supreme.? The elative of ???? (kab?:r, "big") is ???? (??kbar, ?bigger/biggest?, ?greater/greatest?). (http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/elative) In Slavic languages, as well, it is pretty standard. I do agree with the definition though, that "the elative conveys the notion of ?greatest?, ?supreme.?" So, Slovene "lep" is beautiful, "prelep" is very (or supremely) beautiful; I guess the "pre-" prefix could be roughly translated as "over-". Used in Resian, Serbian, Macedonian. In Slovenian, we banished it, as even "ordinary" degrees are borderline inflection / derivation, but, I think, elative is is definitely not inflection. (Toma? Erjavec, email 2010/06/21) |
|
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
ElativeNoun | ||
Abstract | noun to express both comparative and superlative | |
SubClass Of | ||
ElementDemandingClitic | ||
Abstract | Expression representing a lexeme with cliticization whose clitics are, however, represented as a separate token | |
SubClass Of | ||
ElementWithClitic | ||
Abstract | Expression representing a lexeme together with its clitics (Chiarcos) | |
SubClass Of | ||
ElementWithoutClitic | ||
Abstract | Expression representing a lexeme without any clitics (i.e. because of the absence of cliticization or because the clitic is represented separately) (Chiarcos) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
Elision (elision) | ||
Abstract | The omission of a syllable or vowel at the beginning or end of a word, esp. when a word ending with a vowel is next to one beginning with a vowel. (www.wordreference.com/English/definition.asp?en=elision; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1277) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Ellipsis | ||
Abstract | *?* ?????? placeholder for ellipsed material ... *?* is now available in the following great-tasting flavors: (VP *?*), (ADJP-PRD *?*), (PP-PRD *), (NP *?*), (S *?*), (SBAR *?*). These act as placeholders for a missing predicate or piece thereof, especially in comparative constructions and other environments where predicate deletion occurs. Although the missing material represented by *?* is often identical to another constituent in the same sentence, the two are never coindexed. Postmodifiers of the verb (including traces) may be attached under (VP *?*), but not to any other null element, including the other *?* null elements and (VP *T*). Note that policy for *?* was never finalized, so its use varies to some extent. In general, *?* is used by the annotators as a last resort (short of the FRAG analysis) for the annotation of clauses with ??????missing?????? material. Nonetheless, there are certain constructions that are particularly likely to contain *?*: (Bies et al. 1995) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Emphatic | ||
Abstract | Pronoun marked to show its importance. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1941) In Romanian, the so-called emphatic determiner may accompany both a noun and a personal pronoun: fata *?ns??i* (the girl *herself*), also ea *?ns??i* (she *herself*). (http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#EmphaticDeterminer) Emphasis can not only be expressed on nouns and pronouns, but also at verbs, adverbs, adpositions, etc., cf. http://purl.org/olia/ilposts.owl#Emphasis | |
SubClass Of | ||
EmphaticPronoun (emphatic pronoun) | ||
Abstract | Pronoun marked to show its importance. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1941) | |
SubClass Of | ||
EmphaticDeterminer | ||
Abstract | Determiner/Type="emphatic" (Romanian) In Romanian, there are specific forms for the so-called emphatic determiner, which may accompany both a noun and a personal pronoun: fata ?ns??i (the girl herself), also ea ?ns??i (she herself). e.g., ?nsele/?nsumi, ?nsemi/?nsumi, ?nsene/?nsumi, ?nsev?/?nsumi, ?nse?i/?nsumi, ?nse?i/?nsumi, ?nsumi, ?nsu?i/?nsumi, ?nsu?i/?nsumi (http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#EmphaticDeterminer) |
|
SubClass Of | ||
EmphaticParticle | ||
Abstract | Emphatic particle, e.g., (one of the uses of) Urdu t?: vo urd? parh? g? "He will study Urdu." (simple statement) vo urd? parh? g? t? l?kin imtih?n nah?m d? g? "He will STUDY Urdu, OF COURSE, but he won't take the examination." (Schmidt 1999, p. 232, see http://purl.org/olia/emille.owl#ContrastiveEmphaticParticle) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
EpistemicPossibilityModality | ||
Abstract | EpistemicPossibilityModality indicates that the designated state of affairs is not known not to be true. | |
SubClass Of | ||
EquativeCase | ||
Abstract | Case that expresses likeness or identity to the referent of the noun it marks. It can have meaning, such as: 'as', 'like', or 'in the capacity of'. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1279) | |
SubClass Of | ||
ErgativeCase | ||
Abstract | In ergative-absolutive languages, the ergative case identifies the subject of a transitive verb. In such languages, the ergative case is typically marked (most salient), while the absolutive case is unmarked. (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#ergativeCase with reference to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergative_case). | |
SubClass Of | ||
EssiveCase | ||
Abstract | EssiveCase expresses that the referent of the noun it marks is the location at which another referent exists (Lyons 1968: 299,301; Gove, et al. 1966: 778; Crystal 1985: 112; Blake 1994: 154-5). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Essive) | |
SubClass Of | ||
EssiveFormalCase | ||
Abstract | The Hungarian "formativus, or essivus-formalis `-k?nt' ... usually expresses a position, task and manner of the person or the thing." (Nose 2003), e.g., Hungarian 'katonak?nt' -> [serves] as a soldier. (Csaba Oravecz, email 2010/06/15) "Haspelmath & Buchholz (1998:321) explained the function of the essive case as ``role phrases''. Role phrases represent the role of the function in which a participant appears. They regard the role phrases as adverbial." (Nose 2003, p. 117) In the Hungarian language this case combines the Essive case and the Formal case, and it can express the position, task, state (e.g. "as a tourist"), or the manner (e.g. "like a hunted animal"). The status of the suffix -k?nt in the declension system is disputed for several reasons. First, in general, Hungarian case suffixes are absolute word-final, while -k?nt permits further suffixation by the locative suffix -i. Second, most Hungarian case endings participate in vowel harmony, while -k?nt does not. For these reasons, many modern analyses of the Hungarian case system, starting with L?szl? Antal's "A magyar esetrendszer" (1961) do not consider the essive/formal to be a case. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essive-formal_case) cf. Masahiko Nose (2003), Adverbial Usage of the Hungarian Essive Case |
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SubClass Of | ||
EvaluativeModality (evaluative property) | ||
Abstract | EvaluativeProperty: A term used in semantics for a type of modality where propositions express the speaker's attitude (e.g. surprise, regret) towards what is being said. [Crystal 2003: 168] | |
SubClass Of | ||
ExclamativePoint (exclamative point) | ||
Abstract | Special sign (!) usually used in writing to mark exclamation. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1441) | |
SubClass Of | ||
ExclamatoryAdverb | ||
Abstract | An ExclamatoryAdverb seves to express exclamation, cf. how in "How well everyone played!" Exclamative sentences or exclamatives An exclamatory sentence or exclamation is generally a more emphatic form of statement, in particular, they are used are used to express strong feelings (Latin exclamare : "to call out, to cry out"). (http://english.unitecnology.ac.nz/resources/resources/exp_lang/sentence.html 07.05.07, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentence_(linguistics) 07.05.07) | |
SubClass Of | ||
ExclamatoryDeterminer | ||
Abstract | A exclamatory determiner is used in combination with a Nominal Phrase in order to create an exclamation (a more emphatic form of statement), e.g. "What a lovely colour!", "What a wonderful day this is!" (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/pub/eagles/lexicons/elm_en.ps.gz, p.27, 07.05.07; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentence_(linguistics), 07.05.07) | |
SubClass Of | ||
ExclamatoryPronoun | ||
Abstract | An exclamative pronoun is a word which marks an exclamation. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAnExclamative.htm 19.09.06) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Exclusive | ||
Abstract | a form denoting that the addressee (addressees) are not included into the set of their referents which contain also the speaker | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
ExclusiveEmphaticParticle | ||
Abstract | In Urdu, the exclusive emphatic particle h? emphasizes the preceding word and excludes something else (which may not be expressed). (Schmidt 1999, p.233, http://purl.org/olia/emille.owl#ExclusiveEmphaticParticle) Compare with the inclusive emphatic particle bh?: maim *bh?* faisal? kar?m g? "I'll *also* make a decision" maim *h?* faisal? kar?m g? "*I'm the one who* will make the decision." (Schmidt 1999, p.237, http://purl.org/olia/emille.owl#InclusiveEmphaticParticle) | |
SubClass Of | ||
ExistentialParticle | ||
Abstract | English existential there is specified as a subtype of pronoun in MTE v4, i.e., Pronoun/Type="ex-there" (http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#ExistentialThere) | |
SubClass Of | ||
ExistentialPronoun | ||
Abstract | pronoun that indicates the existence of something or someone | |
ExpansionVariation | ||
Abstract | Description of the kind of variation between full and abbreviated forms. | |
SubClass Of | ||
ExperiencerRole | ||
Abstract | An experiencer instantiates the role of an entity (usually animate) who takes the event in through sensory means in some way. (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#experiencerRole) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Expletive (expletive) | ||
Abstract | Word which serves no grammatical function, but which fills up a sentence or gives emphasis. (www.southwestern.edu/~carlg/Latin_Web/glossary.html; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1283) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
ExpletiveArgument | ||
Abstract | Three different expletive usages [of the German expletive pronoun es] are traditionally distinguished: formal subject or object (expletive argument), correlate of an extraposed clausal argument (expletive correlate), and Vorfeld-es (structural expletive) (cf. (Eisenberg 1999 2001), (P?tz 1986)). ... The formal subject obligatorily occurs with weather verbs, e.g. "Es regnet" and unpersonal or agentless constructions such as "Es gibt so eine Buchung" or "Es geht um popul?re Unterhaltung." Some verbs optionally permit an expletive subject but also occur with referential subjects such as "Max/Es kopft an der T?r." A formal object is found in constructions like "jmd. legt es an auf etw." or "jmd. verdirbt es mit jmdm." In all examples mentioned, es functions as a grammatical argument without semantic contribution, i.e. it does not refer to a person, object, or event. (Telljohann et al. 2009, p.60f) | |
SubClass Of | ||
ExpletiveCorrelate | ||
Abstract | Three different expletive usages [of the German expletive pronoun es] are traditionally distinguished: formal subject or object (expletive argument), correlate of an extraposed clausal argument (expletive correlate), and Vorfeld-es (structural expletive) (cf. (Eisenberg 1999 2001), (P?tz 1986)). (Telljohann et al. 2009, p.60) Extraposed clausal arguments: "Aber [es] ist ?bertrieben zu sagen, damit bek?me die FU erst eine Identit?t." (Telljohann et al. 2009, p.62) | |
SubClass Of | ||
ExpletivePronoun | ||
Abstract | An expletive (also known as a dummy word) is a part of speech whose members have no meaning, but complete a sentence to make it grammatical [Crystal 1997, 127] (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Expletive) In European languages, expletives are pronouns. A verbal part of speech that "has no meaning, but complete a sentence to make it grammatical" is a copula (see AuxiliaryVerb). | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
ExtentRole | ||
Abstract | -EXT (extent) ?????? marks adverbial phrases that describe the spatial extent of an activity. -EXT was incorporated primarily for cases of movement in financial space, but is also used in analogous situations elsewhere. (S (NP-SBJ the Dow Jones Industrial Average) (VP plunged (NP-EXT 190.58 points))) (S (NP-SBJ She) (VP walked (NP-EXT 5 miles))) Obligatory complements do not receive -EXT: (S (NP-SBJ The sumo wrestler) (VP gained (NP 80 pounds))) Words such as fully and completely are absolutes and do not receive -EXT. (Bies et al. 1995) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Extraposition | ||
Abstract | *EXP* ? Expletive (extraposition) ... In cases where a clausal subject has been extraposed and replaced by an expletive it, we use a type of pseudo-attach called *EXP*. (In the small ATIS sample included with this release, it is also used for existential there.) Use of *EXP*-attach is discussed in more detail in section 17 [It-Extraposition]. (S (NP-SBJ (NP It) (SBAR *EXP*-1)) (VP is (ADJP-PRD clear) (PP to (NP me)) (SBAR-1 that (S (NP-SBJ this message) (VP is (ADJP-PRD unclear)))))) (Bies et al. 1995) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
Izafat (ezafe) | ||
Abstract | The iz?fat (pronounced as a shorter form of ???) is an enclitic of Persian origin which is used in Farsi and neighboring languages. In Urdu, it can be considered a preposition under certain circumstances: it links two nouns in a possessive relationship, although the phrase thus produced may often have a different meaning to a phrase produced with the native Urdu postposition k?. However, the iz?fat may also join a noun to an adjective, in which case it is not so clearly accurate to describe it as a preposition parallel to the prepositions in European languages for which the EAGLES guidelines were compiled. A better way to treat iz?fat is in the context of the Unique category of miscellaneous one-member wordclasses, discussed below. (Hardie 2003, http://purl.org/olia/emille.owl#Izafat) enclitic morpheme used to form noun phrases and that can denote possession, can form apposition or can join adjectives to nouns. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2999) | |
SubClass Of | ||
FacetiousRegister (facecious register) | ||
Abstract | Register related to an expression that is intended to be clever and funny but that is really silly and annoying. (Longma DCE; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1991) | |
SubClass Of | ||
FactiveCase | ||
Abstract | case category of the Hungarian MULTEXT-East scheme, e.g., amilyenn?/amilyen, azz?/az, er?dd?/er?, jelmezeiv?/jelmez, jel?kk?/jel, kev?ss?/kev?s, Kiss?/Kiss, legjelent?ktelenebbekk?/jelent?ktelen (hu) (http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#FactiveCase) | |
SubClass Of | ||
FacultativePrepositionalObject | ||
Abstract | facultative (i.e. optional) prepositional object, e.g., passivized subject (von-phrase) | |
SubClass Of | ||
FamiliarSecondPersonPronoun | ||
Abstract | In several European languages exist special forms of pronouns for polite or respectful reference, e.g. Dutch u and Spanish usted. The concept FamiliarSecondPersonPronoun applies to the corresponding unmarked forms for informal conversiation in such languages. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node18.html#oav1p 19.09.06) | |
SubClass Of | ||
FamilyName | ||
Abstract | In most European cultures, family names have been introduced into name formulas to identify a person's family, so that individuals with the same given name can be distinguished. (CC) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Feminine | ||
Abstract | Feminine gender is a grammatical gender that marks nouns, articles, pronouns, etc. that have human or animal female referents, and often marks nouns that have referents that do not carry distinctions of sex. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node19.html#oav2at 17.11.06) | |
SubClass Of | ||
FinalField | ||
Abstract | In a German clause, the finite verb can appear in three different positions: verb-second, verb-initial, and verb-final. Only in verb-final clauses the verb complex consisting of the finite verb and non-finite verbal elements forms a unit. The discontinuous positioning of the verbal elements in verb-first and verb-second clauses is the traditional reason for structuring German clauses into fields. The positions of the verbal elements form the Satzklammer (sentence bracket) which divides the sentence into a Vorfeld (initial field), a Mittelfeld (middle field), and a Nachfeld (final field). The Vorfeld and the Mittelfeld are divided by the linke Satzklammer (left sentence bracket), which is the finite verb, the rechte Satzklammer (right sentence bracket) is the verb complex between the Mittelfeld and the Nachfeld. (Telljohann et al. 2009, p.13) | |
SubClass Of | ||
FiniteClause | ||
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
FiniteVerb | ||
Abstract | A finite verb is a verb form that occurs in an independent clause, and is fully inflected according to the inflectional categories marked on verbs in the language. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAFiniteVerb.htm 19.09.06) Property applied to a verb form that can occur on its own in an independent sentence. (Crystal 2003; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1287) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
FiniteVerbPhrase | ||
SubClass Of | ||
First (first person) | ||
Abstract | First person deixis is deictic reference that refers to the speaker, or both the speaker and referents grouped with the speaker (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1288) cf. gold:First: Refers to the speaker and one or more nonparticipants, but not hearer(s). Contrasts with FirstPersonInclusive (Crystal 1997: 285). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/First) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
FirstExclusive | ||
Abstract | Refers to the speaker and one or more nonparticipants, but not hearer(s). Contrasts with FirstPersonInclusive (Crystal 1997: 285). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/FirstExclusive) | |
SubClass Of | ||
FirstInclusive | ||
Abstract | Refers to the speaker, hearer(s) and possibly others. Contrasts with FirstPersonExclusive (Crystal 1997: 285). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/FirstInclusive) | |
SubClass Of | ||
FirstPersonPronoun | ||
Abstract | A FirstPersonPronoun refers to the speaker, or to both the speaker and referents grouped with the speaker. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsFirstPersonDeixis.htm 19.09.06) | |
SubClass Of | ||
FixedExpression | ||
Abstract | Some forms can only be used in a fixed context, e.g., polsku in po polsku. They are classified as special kinds of adjectives in the IPIC. In the MTE version this information is preserved in the status of a "burkinostka". This term is devised by Magdalena Derwojedowa and refers to dependent words like Burkina which only make sense and can be morphosyntactically identified in a fixed combination (Burkina Faso). | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
FocusAntipassive | ||
Abstract | Blocks the P or logical object (basic absolutive) nominal from being assigned Focus salience. Topic salience is available for assignment to various arguments, including the P, but Focus salience is always assigned to A, and is therefore inaccessible to P or any other nominal. (Klaiman 1991:236) (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/FocusAntipassive) | |
SubClass Of | ||
FocusMarker | ||
Abstract | a morpheme indicating that the element it marks is the focus of the utterance. | |
SubClass Of | ||
ForceRole | ||
Abstract | A force role is one in which the instantiator (the ?force?) exerts some degree of energy which initiates (or impacts on) the execution of the event. In contrast to an agent, an instantitor of a force may be an inanimate entity, such as a climactic condition. The non-controlling entity instigating a Process (=Dynamism or Change) (Dik, 1997:118) (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#forceRole) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Foreign (foreign word) | ||
Abstract | A foreign word is a text word which lies outside the traditionally accepted range of grammatical classes, it occurs quite commonly in many texts and very commonly in some. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node16.html#mr 19.09.06) | |
SubClass Of | ||
ForeignPhrase | ||
Abstract | Single foreign words are projected to a syntactic level assigned the node label FX, which is an universal label for any syntactic category (phrasal and sentential) in the respective foreign language. (Telljohann et al. 2009, p.44) | |
SubClass Of | ||
FormalRegister (formal register) | ||
Abstract | Formal register. (12620; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1992) | |
SubClass Of | ||
FormalCase | ||
Abstract | In Hungarian, `essive-formal' is in some descriptions simply called `formal', with the affix _-k?pp(en)_ and meaning (`in
the form of ...', they probably meant when they came up with the term).
In the Hungarian MULTEXT-East scheme, essive-formal and formal are distinguished.
(Ivan A. Derzhanski, email 2010/06/15, http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#FormalCase) |
|
SubClass Of | ||
Formula | ||
Abstract | A formula (mathematical formulae) is a text word which lies outside the traditionally accepted range of grammatical classes, it occurs quite commonly in many texts and very commonly in some. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node16.html#mr 19.09.06) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Fraction (fractional numeral) | ||
Abstract | Numeral/Form="fractional" (Romanian) In traditional Romanian grammars, FractionalNumeral refers to expressions like treime-one third. (MTE v4, http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#FractalNumeral) |
|
SubClass Of | ||
Fragment | ||
Abstract | FRAG marks those portions of text that appear to be clauses, but lack too many essential elements for the exact structure to be easily determined (e.g., answers to questions). Predicate argument structure therefore cannot be extracted from FRAGs. (Bies et al. 1995) Sentence fragments that end with sentence- nal punctuation like Not even an earthquake. should not be bracketed as S, but only with the highest appropriate label|in this case, NP. Do not attach such fragments to the preceding or following full sentence. (Santorini 1991) | |
SubClass Of | ||
FrequentiveAspect | ||
Abstract | Events which are frequently repeated, differs from habitual in that it can only be based upon the observation of several occurrences of the event concerned, whereas habitual can be based upon the observation of a single occurrence (Bhat 1999: 53). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Frequentive) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Fronting | ||
Abstract | Expression occurs at the left periphery of the sentence. This includes various noncanonical and canonical word order possibilities. (Note that it is not restricted here to noncanonical word order; for noncanonical fronting see subconcepts, e.g., Topicalization.) (Chiarcos) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
FullDefiniteArticle (full article) | ||
Abstract | For definiteness, when a specific form is the syntactic subject of the clause. (DFKI; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1928) | |
SubClass Of | ||
FusedPreposition (fused preposition) | ||
Abstract | Preposition that is the result of a morphological merge from at least two words. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1901) | |
SubClass Of | ||
FusedPrepArt | ||
Abstract | The additional value Fused prep-art is for the benefit of those who do not find it practical to split fused words such as French au (= ? + le) into two text words. This very common phenomenon of a fused preposition + article in West European languages should preferably, however, be handled by assigning two tags to the same orthographic word (one for the preposition and one for the article). (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node18.html#oav1ap 19.09.06) | |
SubClass Of | ||
FusedPrepositionPronoun | ||
Abstract | word resulting from the aggregation of a preposition and a pronoun | |
SubClass Of | ||
FusedPronounAuxiliary | ||
Abstract | word resulting from the aggregation of a pronoun and an auxiliary | |
SubClass Of | ||
Future | ||
Abstract | The future tense refers to events that have yet to happen. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future 17.11.06) The future tense refers to a tense category which places an event in the future. (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#futureTense) FutureTense locates the situation in question later than the present moment (time of speaking.) (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Future) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
FutureParticle (future particle) | ||
Abstract | Particle used in order to express future. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1919) | |
SubClass Of | ||
FutureInFuture | ||
Abstract | FutureInFutureTense locates the situation in question in the future, relative to a temporal reference point that itself is located in the future relative to the moment of utterance. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/FutureInFuture) | |
SubClass Of | ||
FutureInPast | ||
Abstract | FutureInPastTense locates the situation in question in the future, relative to a contextually determined temporal reference point that itself must be located in the past relative to the moment of utterance. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/FutureInPast) | |
SubClass Of | ||
FuturePerfect | ||
Abstract | RelativeFutureTense locates the situation in question after a contextually determined temporal reference point, regardless of the latter's relation to the moment of utterance. Also called FuturePerfectTense (Comrie 1985:69-71). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/RelativeFuture) A verb tense that refers to an action or state of being completed in the future. Translation into English requires the use of the auxiliary verbs will/shall have. (www.southwestern.edu/~carlg/Latin_Web/glossary.html; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1292) A tense of verbs describing an action that will have been performed by a certain time. In English this is formed with will have or shall have plus the past participle. (www.wordreference.com/English/definition.asp?en=future+perfect; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1292) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Gapping | ||
Abstract | The term "gapping" refers to a form of coordination in which the coordinated phrases after the rst are incomplete. For instance, the gapped equivalent of the full coordination structure in (@18a) is given in ( 18b). ( 18) a. Mary likes Bach and Susan likes Beethoven. b. Mary likes Bach and Susan, Beethoven. Gapped sequences like Susan, Beethoven should be labelled X. On the other hand, while coordination constructions containing gapped sequences involve coordination of unlike categories, it is clear that the entire coordination structure is a clause; hence, it should be labelled S. (Santorini 1991) | |
SubClass Of | ||
GeneralizationWord | ||
Abstract | A word that does not carry its own meaning but generalizes the meaning of a neighboring word, adding the "etc." sense. | |
SubClass Of | ||
GenitiveAttribute | ||
Abstract | added in conformance to the TIGER scheme | |
SubClass Of | ||
GenitiveCase | ||
Abstract | Genitive case signals that the referent of the marked noun is the possessor of the referent of another noun, e.g. "the man's foot". In some languages, genitive case may express an associative relation between the marked noun and another noun. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/glossaryoflinguisticterms/WhatIsGenitiveCase.htm 17.11.06) | |
SubClass Of | ||
GeographicalVariant (geographical variant) | ||
Abstract | Description of a specific form used in a certain region as opposed to another form used in another region (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1851) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Gerund | ||
Abstract | property for a non-finite form of a verb other than the infinitive. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2243) A gerund is a kind of verbal noun that exists in some languages. In today's English, gerunds are nouns built from a verb with an '-ing' suffix. They can be used as the subject of a sentence, an object, or an object of preposition. They can also be used to complement a subject. Often, gerunds exist side-by-side with nouns that come from the same root but the gerund and the common noun have different shades of meaning. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerund, http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/English:Gerund 19.09.06) The term _gerund_ is ambiguous: with respect to Latin, in whose grammatical tradition it originates, it refers to a deverbal noun, and is needed in this function for Polish as well; in descriptions of some other languages, however, it has been used for an adverbial participle. The two meanings have nothing in common, except that the English _ing_-form can translate both. (Ivan A Derzhanski, email 2010/06/09) Here, it is assumed that Gerund refers only to deverbal nouns, cf. NominalNonfiniteVerb in the IIIT tagset (http://purl.org/olia/iiit.owl#NominalNonFiniteVerb) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
GerundVerbPhrase | ||
Abstract | VGNN Gerunds A verb chunk having a gerund will be annotated as VGNN. For example, h18a. sharAba ((pInA_VM))_VGNN sehata ke liye hAnikAraka hE. 'liquor' 'drinking' 'heath' 'for' 'harmful' 'is' ?Drinking (liquor) is bad for health? h19a. mujhe rAta meM ((khAnA_VM))_VGNN acchA lagatA hai 'to me' 'night' 'in' 'eating' 'good' 'appeals' ?I like eating at night? h20a. ((sunane_VM meM_PSP))_VGNN saba kuccha acchA lagatA hE 'listening' 'in' 'all' 'things' 'good' 'appeal' 'is' (Akshar Bharati, Dipti Misra Sharma, Lakshmi Bai, Rajeev Sangal (2006), AnnCorra : Annotating Corpora. Guidelines For POS And Chunk Annotation For Indian Languages, Tech. Rep., L anguage Technologies Research Centre IIIT, Hyderabad, version of 15-12-2006, http://ltrc.iiit.ac.in/tr031/posguidelines.pdf) | |
SubClass Of | ||
GivenName | ||
Abstract | In most European cultures, a given name designates an individual person throughout her/his life span. To distinguish people with the same name but from different families, additional elements have been introduced into name formulas that identify a person's family or ancestry. (CC) | |
SubClass Of | ||
GoalRole | ||
Abstract | A goal role instantiates the (intended) end location (directional path) of an event. (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#goalRole) | |
SubClass Of | ||
GraphicalSeparator | ||
Abstract | Character string that appears between two written forms | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
HabitualAspect | ||
Abstract | Habitual tense pertains to verbs which refer to an action that occurs repeatedly. (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#habitualTense) Refers to the internal temporal contour of a situation ? a repeated situation that occupies a large slice of time. Can be based on the observation of a single occurrence. (Bhat 1999:177) (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Habitual) | |
SubClass Of | ||
HabitualMood | ||
Abstract | "Habitual" is normally considered to be an aspect. Occasionally, it is, however, also described as a mood, e.g., by Bittner (2008, p. 354) for Kalaalisut (Greenlandic). Maria Bittner (2008), Aspectual universals of temporal anaphora, In: Susan Deborah Rothstein (ed.), Theoretical and crosslinguistic approaches to the semantics of aspect, John Benjamins, Amsterdam, p. 349-386. | |
SubClass Of | ||
HangingTopic (hanging topic) | ||
Abstract | HangingTopic constructions are closely related to LeftDislocation. Unlike LeftDislocation, the dislocated element and its resuming pronoun do not necessarily agree in case, number and gender. (Petrova and Odebrecht 2011, http://purl.org/olia/tcodex.owl#HangingTopic) | |
SubClass Of | ||
hasConjunct | ||
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
hasSentenceConjunct | ||
SubClass Of | ||
hasWordConjunct | ||
SubClass Of | ||
HaveAuxiliary (have) | ||
Abstract | The verb have as an auxiliary. (www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAnAuxiliaryVerb.htm; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1299) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Head | ||
Abstract | Heads are single words that function as the nucleus of a phrase. For instance, the head of the noun phrase John?s book is book. Book is also the head of the more complex noun phrase that interesting book that you were telling me about the other day. The head of the verb phrase telling me about the other day is telling. The head of a prepositional phrase is the preposition. (Santorini 1991) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
Headline | ||
Abstract | -HLN (headline) ? marks headlines and datelines. Note that headlines and datelines always constitute a unit of text that is structurally independent from the following sentence. (Bies et al. 1995) | |
SubClass Of | ||
HeadOfNP | ||
Abstract | The HeadFunction is a function of an adjective or participle that can serve as the focus of the phrase. | |
SubClass Of | ||
HesternalPast | ||
Abstract | HesternalPastTense locates the situation in question somewhere in the span beginning with the period defined culturally as 'yesterday' and extends back through some period that is considered nonremote (Comrie 1985:87-88; Dahl 1985:126). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/HesternalPast) | |
SubClass Of | ||
HodiernalFuture | ||
Abstract | HodiernalFutureTense locates the situation in question after the moment of utterance within the span culturally defined as 'today' (Comrie 1985: 86; Bybee, Perkins, and Pagliuca 1994: 247). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/HodiernalFuture) | |
SubClass Of | ||
HodiernalPast | ||
Abstract | HodiernalPastTense locates the situation in question before the moment of utterance within the span culturally defined as 'today' (Comrie 1985:87; Dahl 1985:125-126). Contrasts with PreHodiernalPastTense. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/HodiernalPast) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Homograph | ||
Abstract | Word that is written like another, but that has a different pronunciation, meaning, and/or origin. | |
SubClass Of | ||
Homonym (homonym) | ||
Abstract | Word that sounds the same and is written the same as another word but is different in meaning. | |
SubClass Of | ||
Homophone (homophone) | ||
Abstract | Word that sounds like another word, but is different in writiing or meaning. | |
SubClass Of | ||
Honorific (honorific) | ||
Abstract | special form of language used when talking about those in positions of social situation (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2347) | |
SubClass Of | ||
HonorificCommonNoun | ||
Abstract | Dzongkha uses honorific forms: ??????/nam za/ (cloths) is the honorific form of the noun ??? ??/gola/(cloths), ?????/sung/(tell) the honorific form of the verb ???/lab/(tell). We opted to mark them by adding the tag NNH (honorific common noun) and VBH (honorific verb) to enable future research on this specific usage of Dzongkha language. A number of tags were added to the set, of which we describe four in more detail: two of the additional tags are subclasses of verbs: VBH (honorific verb form), and VBN which describes past participle forms, like, e.g. ????/jun/(created), the past particle form of ???/jung/(create). (Chungku et al. 2010) A noun, which indicates respect for the person being addressed, e.g., Miwang Gel-poi Yab ?A king's father? [Though father=Apa, but colloquially we say YAB in Dzongkha] (http://panl10n.net/english/Outputs%20Phase%202/CCs/Bhutan/Papers/2007/0701/PartOfSpeech.pdf) | |
SubClass Of | ||
HonorificVerb | ||
Abstract | Dzongkha uses honorific forms: ??????/nam za/ (cloths) is the honorific form of the noun ??? ??/gola/(cloths), ?????/sung/(tell) the honorific form of the verb ???/lab/(tell). We opted to mark them by adding the tag NNH (honorific common noun) and VBH (honorific verb) to enable future research on this specific usage of Dzongkha language. A number of tags were added to the set, of which we describe four in more detail: two of the additional tags are subclasses of verbs: VBH (honorific verb form), and VBN which describes past participle forms, like, e.g. ????/jun/(created), the past particle form of ???/jung/(create). | |
SubClass Of | ||
HortativeModality (hortative force) | ||
Abstract | A term sometimes used in the grammatical analysis of verbs, to refer to a type of modal meaning in which an exhortation is made. An example of a hortative usage ('a hortative') is the 'let us' construction in English ('let us pray'). [Crystal 2008: 232] (http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold/2010/HortatoryForce) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Human | ||
Abstract | For Slavic languages, animacy, and in particular, Humanness, defines so-called "sub-genders" that manifest themselves in the accusative ending of masculine and neuter singular nouns. Humans are by definition animate. (http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#Human) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Hyphen (hyphen) | ||
Abstract | Punctuation that is graphically presented as "-". (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2077) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Ideophone | ||
Abstract | Ideophones are marked words that depict sensory imagery. | |
SubClass Of | ||
IllativeCase | ||
Abstract | IllativeCase expresses that the referent of the noun it marks is the location into which another referent is moving. It has the meaning 'into' (Lyons 1968: 299; Gove, et al. 1966: 1126; Crystal 1985: 152). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Illative) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Image (image) | ||
Abstract | graphical representation (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2249) | |
SubClass Of | ||
ImmediateFuture | ||
Abstract | ImmediateFutureTense, also called 'close future', locates the situation in question shortly after the moment of utterance (Dahl 1985:121; Comrie 1985:94; Bybee, Perkins, and Pagliuca 1994: 244-245). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/ImmediateFuture) | |
SubClass Of | ||
ImmediatePast | ||
Abstract | ImmediatePastTense locates the situation in question at a time considered very recent in relation to the moment of utterance (Comrie 1985: 87). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/ImmediatePast) | |
SubClass Of | ||
ImperativeModality | ||
Abstract | Pertaining to the mood or mode of a verb form or clause such that it predicates a command, request, or exhortation (OED). (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#imperativeModality) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
ImperativeMood | ||
Abstract | Pertaining to the mood or mode of a verb form or clause such that it predicates a command, request, or exhortation (OED). (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#imperativeModality) | |
SubClass Of | ||
ImperativeVerb | ||
Abstract | An imperative verb is used to express commands, direct requests, and prohibitions. Often, direct use of the imperative mood may appear blunt or even rude, so it is often used with care. Example: "Paul, read that book". (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_mood#Imperative_mood 19.09.06) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Imperfect (imperfect) | ||
Abstract | Verb tense that refers to action in the past that is incomplete or ongoing. (www.southwestern.edu/~carlg/Latin_Web/glossary.html; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1304) | |
SubClass Of | ||
ImperfectiveAspect | ||
Abstract | The Imperfective aspect is an aspect that expresses an event or state, with respect to its internal structure, instead of expressing it as a simple whole. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/glossaryoflinguisticterms/WhatIsImperfectiveAspect.htm 17.11.06) The imperfective aspects ... do not view the situation as bounded, but rather as ongoing in either a durative, continuative or habitual sense (Bybee 1985:21) (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#imperfectiveAspect) A viewpoint aspect which encodes the speaker?s lack of attention to the endpoints of the situation referred to. Imperfective aspect is the prototypical mode of presentation for states (Michaelis 1998:xiv). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Imperfective) | |
SubClass Of | ||
ImpersonalVerb (Impersonal) | ||
Abstract | An impersonal verb is a verb that - occurs only in third person singular forms - has no specified agent , and - has a dummy subject or no subject. (www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAnImpersonalVerb.htm; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1306) | |
SubClass Of | ||
ImpersonalPronoun (impersonal pronoun) | ||
Abstract | Pronoun lacking person referent. (Gil Francopoulo; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1426) More precisely, a form of pronoun that denotes the absence of a concrete or specific referent, e.g., German "man". As opposed to IndefinitePronoun, this referent is not just discourse-new, but generic or hypothetical. | |
SubClass Of | ||
ImpersonalPassive | ||
Abstract | A Passive that alters the mapping of a nominal to the Subject relation in a basic intransitive structure (Klaiman 1991:23) (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/ImpersonalPassive) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Impossible | ||
Abstract | to denote something that cannot be considered as being correct in a given language | |
SubClass Of | ||
InHouseRegister (in house register) | ||
Abstract | Register of terms that are company-specific and not readily recognized outside this environment. (ISO12620; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1993) | |
SubClass Of | ||
InablativeCase | ||
Abstract | InablativeCase expresses that the referent of the noun it marks is the location from within which another referent is moving. It has the meaning 'from within'. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Inablative) | |
SubClass Of | ||
InallativeCase | ||
Abstract | InallativeCase expresses that something is moving toward the region that is inside the referent of the noun it marks. It has the meaning 'towards in(side)'. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Inallative) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Inanimate (inanimate) | ||
Abstract | Perceived as not living. (ISO12620; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1952) | |
SubClass Of | ||
InanimateGender | ||
Abstract | One of the two grammatical genders, or noun classes, of Nishnaabemwin, the other being animate. Membership in the inanimate grammatical class is largely based on meaning, in that non-living things, such as objects of manufacture and natural 'non-living' things are included in it (Valentine 2001: 114). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Inanimate) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
InceptiveAspect | ||
Abstract | InceptiveAspect, also called the ingressive, encodes the beginning portion of some event (Bybee 1985: 147, 149; Payne 1997: 240; Bhat 1999:176). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Inceptive) | |
SubClass Of | ||
InchoativeAspect (inchoative) | ||
Abstract | Aspect that expresses the beginning of an event or state. | |
SubClass Of | ||
Inclusive | ||
Abstract | the form denoting that the addressee (addressees) are included into the set of their referents which contain also the speaker | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
InclusiveEmphaticParticle | ||
Abstract | In Urdu, bh? is an emphatic particle meaning 'even'. In opposition to contrastive t? and exclusive h?, bh? is inclusive: maim *bh?* faisal? kar?m g? "I'll *also* make a decision" maim *h?* faisal? kar?m g? "*I'm the one who* will make the decision." (Schmidt 1999, p.237, http://purl.org/olia/emille.owl#InclusiveEmphaticParticle) | |
SubClass Of | ||
IncorporatingAntipassive | ||
Abstract | Blocks the P or logical object (basic absolutive) nominal from being assigned Focus salience. This correlates with the P's morphosyntactic downgrading, whereby it becomes insusceptible to any informational salience assignment. (Klaiman 1991:236) (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/IncorporatingAntipassive) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Indefinite | ||
Abstract | An entity is specified as indefinite when it refers to a non-particularized individual of the species denoted by the noun. (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#indefinite) Indefinite noun phrases are used to refer to entities which are not specific and identifiable in a given context. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definiteness 20.11.06) | |
SubClass Of | ||
IndefiniteCardinalQuantifier (indefinite cardinal numeral) | ||
Abstract | ndefiniteCardinalNumeral: A word used to express imprecise quantity. | |
SubClass Of | ||
IndefiniteArticle | ||
Abstract | An indefinite article is used before singular nouns that refer to any member of a group. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_%28grammar%29 18.09.06) | |
SubClass Of | ||
IndefiniteDeterminer | ||
Abstract | An indefinite determiner is a determiner that expresses a referent's indefinite number or amount, i.e. "some", "any", "many". (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAQuantifier.htm 22.09.06) Note that here, a separate top-level class Quantifier has been introduced that covers expressions of number and amount as *semantic* concepts. Plural indefinite determiners are thus to be modeled as IndefiniteDeteriner and Quantifier. | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
IndefiniteMultiplicativeQuantifier | ||
Abstract | A word indicating imprecise number of times something happened. | |
SubClass Of | ||
IndefinitePronoun | ||
Abstract | An indefinite pronoun is a pronoun that belongs to a class whose members indicate indefinite reference. Examples in English are "anybody", "one", "somebody". (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAnIndefinitePronoun.htm 19.09.06) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
IndefiniteQuantifier | ||
Abstract | In the Czech and Slovak MTE v4 specs, Numeral/Class="indefinite" are items meaning `several/some', etc. Strictly speaking, they are pronumerals (pro-quantifiers), but traditional descriptions don't recognise such a category, so they are described variously as pronouns or as numerals (because their syntactic distribution is that of numerals, or very close)." (Ivan A Derzhanski, email 2010/06/11, http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#IndefiniteQuantifier) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
IndicativeMood | ||
Abstract | The indicative is the unmarked mood. It is used when no special modal nuance in the clause or sentence is intended. It is the default mood of independent declarative and often also of interrogative sentences. (http://www.uni-erfurt.de/sprachwissenschaft/proxy.php?port=8080&file=lido/servlet/Lido_Servlet Indikativ 18.06.07) Expression of assertion. (Bybee 1985:22) Pertaining to the mood or mode of a verb form or clause such that it predicates a stated relation of objective fact (OED). (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#indicativeModality) | |
SubClass Of | ||
IndicativeVerb | ||
Abstract | Indicative mood is used in factual statements. All intentions in speaking that a particular language does not put into another mood use the indicative. It is the most commonly used mood and is found in all languages. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_mood#Indicative_mood 19.09.06) | |
SubClass Of | ||
IndirectObject | ||
Abstract | An indirect object is a grammatical relation that is one means of expressing the semantic role of goal and other similar roles. It is proposed for languages in which the role is distinct from the direct object and the oblique object on the basis of multiple independent syntactic or morphological criteria, such as the following: (i) Having a particular case marking, commonly dative (ii) Governing an agreement affix on the verb, such as person or number (iii) Being distinct from oblique relations in that it may be relativized A noun, pronoun, or noun phrase indicating the recipient or beneficiary of the action of a verb and its direct object (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1310) Third argument of a ditransitive verb. Ditransitive recipient (Siewierska 2004:57). (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#R) | |
SubClass Of | ||
InessiveCase | ||
Abstract | InessiveCase expresses that the referent of the noun it marks is the location within which another referent exists. It has the meaning of 'within' or 'inside' (Lyons 1968: 299; Gove, et al. 1966: 1156; Crystal 1985: 156). X in Y. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Inessive) | |
SubClass Of | ||
EmbeddedInfinitive (infinitival clause) | ||
Abstract | An infinitive is the head of the embedded construction. (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#withInfinitiveAsHead) Infinitival relatives. See section 14 [Infinitives] for more information. (NP (NP a movie) (SBAR (WHNP-1 0) (S (NP-SBJ *) (VP to (VP see (NP *T*-1)))))) (Bies et al. 1995) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Infinitive | ||
Abstract | An infinitive is the base form of a verb. It is unmarked for inflectional categories such as the following: Aspect, Modality, Number, Person and Tense. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAnInfinitive.htm 19.09.06) | |
SubClass Of | ||
InfinitiveParticle (infinitive particle) | ||
Abstract | Particle used to express infinitive. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1896) | |
SubClass Of | ||
InfinitiveVerbPhrase | ||
Abstract | VGINF Infinitival Verb Chunk This tag is to mark the infinitival verb form. In Hindi, both, gerunds and infinitive forms of the verb end with a -nA suffix. Since both behave functionally in a similar manner, the distinction is not very clear. However, languages such as Bangla etc have two different forms for the two types. Examples from Bangla are given below. b8. Borabela ((snAna karA))_VGNN SorIrera pokze BAlo 'Morning' 'bath' 'do-verbal noun' 'health-gen' 'for' 'good' ?Taking bath in the early morning is good for health? b9. bindu Borabela ((snAna karawe))_VGINF BAlobAse 'Bindu' 'morning' 'bath' 'take-inf' 'love-3pr' ?Bindu likes to take bath in the early morning? In Bangla, the gerund form takes the suffix ?A / -Ano, while the infinitive marker is ?we. The syntactic distribution of these two forms of verbs is different. For example, the gerund form is allowed in the context of the word darakAra ?necessary? while the infinitive form is not, as exemplified below: b10 Borabela ((snAna karA))_VGNN darakAra 'Morning' 'bath' 'do-verbal noun' 'necessary' ?It is necessary to take bath in the early morning? b11. *Borabela ((snAna karawe))_VGINF darakAra Based on the above evidence from Bangla, the tag VGINF has been included to mark a verb chunk. (Akshar Bharati, Dipti Misra Sharma, Lakshmi Bai, Rajeev Sangal (2006), AnnCorra : Annotating Corpora. Guidelines For POS And Chunk Annotation For Indian Languages, Tech. Rep., L anguage Technologies Research Centre IIIT, Hyderabad, version of 15-12-2006, http://ltrc.iiit.ac.in/tr031/posguidelines.pdf) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Infix (infix) | ||
Abstract | Affix inserted in the middle of a word to change its meaning or part of speech value. (Sue Ellen Wright; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1313) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
Inflected | ||
Abstract | see subclasses | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
InflectedWithOvertMarker | ||
Abstract | An inflected form with overt morphological marking (as opposed to the base form and lexemes that do not inflect at all). | |
SubClass Of | ||
InfrequentlyUsed (infrequently used) | ||
Abstract | Said of a term that does not appear frequently. (ISO12620; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1985) | |
SubClass Of | ||
ing | ||
Abstract | English verb forms ending in '-ing' that represent either Gerunds or Participles. | |
SubClass Of | ||
Initial | ||
Abstract | When two distinct words occur, as in German "weder...noch...", then the first is given the Initial value. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node18.html#oav1av 17.11.06) | |
SubClass Of | ||
InitialCoordinatingConjunction | ||
Abstract | When two distinct words occur, as in German "weder...noch...", then the first is given the Initial value. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node18.html#oav1av 17.11.06) | |
SubClass Of | ||
InitialField | ||
Abstract | In a German clause, the finite verb can appear in three different positions: verb-second, verb-initial, and verb-final. Only in verb-final clauses the verb complex consisting of the finite verb and non-finite verbal elements forms a unit. The discontinuous positioning of the verbal elements in verb-first and verb-second clauses is the traditional reason for structuring German clauses into fields. The positions of the verbal elements form the Satzklammer (sentence bracket) which divides the sentence into a Vorfeld (initial field), a Mittelfeld (middle field), and a Nachfeld (final field). The Vorfeld and the Mittelfeld are divided by the linke Satzklammer (left sentence bracket), which is the finite verb, the rechte Satzklammer (right sentence bracket) is the verb complex between the Mittelfeld and the Nachfeld. (Telljohann et al. 2009, p.13) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Initialism | ||
SubClass Of | ||
InstrumentalCase | ||
Abstract | InstrumentalCase indicates that the referent of the noun it marks is the means of the accomplishment of the action expressed by the clause (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Instrumental) | |
SubClass Of | ||
InstrumentNoun | ||
Abstract | noun expressing an instrument of the action | |
InstrumentRole | ||
Abstract | SemanticRole added in conformance with TIGER | |
SubClass Of | ||
Intensifier | ||
Abstract | For Hindi, words like 'bahuta', 'kama', etc. when intensifying adjectives or adverbs will be annotated as INTF. Example, h37. hEdarAbAda meM aMgUra bahuta_INTF acche milate hEM 'HyderabAd' 'in' 'grapes' 'very' 'good' 'available' 'are' ?Very good grapes are available in Hyderabad? (Bharati et al. 2006) Akshar Bharati, Dipti Misra Sharma, Lakshmi Bai, Rajeev Sangal (2006), AnnCorra : Annotating Corpora. Guidelines For POS And Chunk Annotation For Indian Languages, Tech. Rep., L anguage Technologies Research Centre IIIT, Hyderabad, version of 15-12-2006, http://ltrc.iiit.ac.in/tr031/posguidelines.pdf | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
IntensiveNoun | ||
Abstract | noun that emphasizes another noun | |
SubClass Of | ||
InterablativeCase | ||
Abstract | InterablativeCase expresses that the referent of the noun it marks is the location from between which another referent is moving. It has the meaning 'from inbetween'. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Interablative) | |
SubClass Of | ||
InterallativeCase | ||
Abstract | InterallativeCase expresses that something is moving toward the region that is in the middle of the referent of the noun it marks. It has the meaning 'towards the middle of'. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Interallative) | |
SubClass Of | ||
InteressiveCase | ||
Abstract | InteressiveCase expresses that the referent of the noun it marks is the location between which another referent exists. It has the meaning of 'between'. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Interessive) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Interjection | ||
Abstract | An interjection is a form, typically brief, such as one syllable or word, which is used most often as an exclamation or part of an exclamation. It typically expresses an emotional reaction, often with respect to an accompanying sentence and may include a combination of sounds not otherwise found in the language, e.g. in English: psst; ugh; well, well (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAnInterjection.htm 19.09.06) | |
SubClass Of | ||
InterlativeCase | ||
Abstract | InterlativeCase expresses that the referent of the noun it marks is the location between which another referent is moving. It has the meaning 'to the middle of'. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Interlative) | |
SubClass Of | ||
InterminativeCase | ||
Abstract | 'into in(side of)'. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Interminative) | |
SubClass Of | ||
InterrogativeCardinalQuantifier (interrogative cardinal numeral) | ||
Abstract | interrogativeCardinalNumeral: An interrogative/relative word used to ask about quantity. | |
SubClass Of | ||
InterrogativeParticle (interrogative particle) | ||
Abstract | Particle used to express a question. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1921) | |
SubClass Of | ||
QuestionMark (interrogative point) | ||
Abstract | Sign used to express a question. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1444) | |
SubClass Of | ||
InterrogativePunctuation (interrogative punctuation) | ||
Abstract | Punctuation used when the sentence is interrogative. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2087) | |
SubClass Of | ||
InterrogativeAdverb | ||
Abstract | Interrogative adverbs are used to introduce questions, e.g. "When are you coming?" (Angelika Adam) | |
SubClass Of | ||
InterrogativeDeterminer | ||
Abstract | A interrogative is a function word used to introduce an interrogative clause. E.g. "which", "what", "whose" (interrogative possessive determiner) are interrogative determiner in English. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interrogative_word 02.05.07) | |
SubClass Of | ||
InterrogativeModality | ||
Abstract | The interrogative modality serves to indicate interrogative quality. (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#interrogativeModality) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
InterrogativeMultiplicativeQuantifier | ||
Abstract | An interrogative/relative word used to ask about the number of times something happened. | |
SubClass Of | ||
InterrogativePronoun | ||
Abstract | A interrogative pronoun is a pro-form that is used in questions in place of the item questioned for. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAnInterrogativeProForm.htm 19.09.06) | |
SubClass Of | ||
InterrogativeQuantifier | ||
Abstract | In the Czech and Slovak MTE v4 pecs, Numeral/Class="interrogative" are items meaning `how many/much', etc. Strictly speaking, they are pronumerals (pro-quantifiers), but traditional descriptions don't recognise such a category, so they are described variously as pronouns or as numerals (because their syntactic distribution is that of numerals, or very close)." (Ivan A Derzhanski, email 2010/06/11, http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#InterrogativeQuantifier) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
InterterminativeCase | ||
Abstract | InterterminativeCase expresses the notion of something moving into the middle of the referent of the noun it marks, but not through it. It has the meaning 'into the middle of'. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Interminative) | |
SubClass Of | ||
IntertranslativeCase | ||
Abstract | IntertranslativeCase expresses the notion of something moving along a trajectory between the referent of the noun it marks. It has the meaning 'along the in between. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Intertranslative) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Intransitive | ||
Abstract | A predicate/verb that takes one argument, e.g., English "to go", cf. van Valin and Lapolla (1997). | |
SubClass Of | ||
IntransitiveSubject | ||
Abstract | Intransitive argument (S), single argument of an intransitive verb or only argument in a one-place predicate (frame). (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#S) | |
SubClass Of | ||
IntranslativeCase | ||
Abstract | IntranslativeCase expresses the notion of something moving through the referent of the noun it marks. It has the meaning 'along through'. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Intranslative) | |
SubClass Of | ||
InverseVoice | ||
Abstract | Signals when actions proceed from ontologically less salient to more salient participants (Klaiman 1991:32) (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/InverseVoice) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
InvertedComma (inverted comma) | ||
Abstract | Inverted comma. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1443) | |
SubClass Of | ||
InvertedQuestionMark (inverted question mark) | ||
Abstract | Punctuation used in certain languages at the beginning of an interrogative sentence. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2088) | |
SubClass Of | ||
IronicRegister (ironic register) | ||
Abstract | Register for irony. (12620; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1994) | |
SubClass Of | ||
IrrealisModality | ||
Abstract | Irrealis modality indicates the situation to which it pertains is non-actual or non-factual. (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#irrealisModality) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
IrrealisMood | ||
Abstract | Irrealis modality indicates the situation to which it pertains is non-actual or non-factual. (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#irrealisModality) | |
SubClass Of | ||
PersonalPronoun (irreflexive personal pronoun) | ||
Abstract | A personal pronoun is a pronoun that expresses a distinction of person deixis. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAPersonalPronoun.htm 19.09.06) Note that (despite the SIL definition), an olia:PersonalPronoun refers to irreflexive personal pronouns. Personal pronoun categories without reflexivity sensitivity should be mapped onto olia:PersReflPronoun. (CC) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
ItCleft | ||
Abstract | -CLF (cleft) ? marks it-clefts (?true? clefts) and may be added to the labels S, SINV, or SQ. See section 16 [Clefts]. (SQ-CLF Was (NP-SBJ it) (NP-PRD (NP John's) car) (SBAR (WHNP-6 0) (S (NP-SBJ you) (VP borrowed (NP *T*-6)))) ?) (Bies et al. 1995) S-CLF (it-cleft or ?true? cleft) Declarative it-clefts are labeled S-CLF, expletive it is tagged as the surface subject (-SBJ), the SBAR is attached at VP-level, and a trace is coindexed to the wh-complementizer of the clefted portion. (See section 16 [Clefts] for more information.) (Bies et al. 1995) | |
SubClass Of | ||
IterativeAspect | ||
Abstract | IterativeAspect, also called repetitives, encodes a number of events of the same type that are repeated on a particular occasion. The time interval which is relevant to the iterative is relatively shorter than in the case of the habitual (Bybee 1985: 150; Bybee, Perkins and Pagliuca 1994: 127). Portrays events repeated on the same occasion (like the iterative knocking on the door) (Bhat 1999: 53) (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Iterative) | |
SubClass Of | ||
LativeCase | ||
Abstract | LativeCase expresses 'motion up to the location of,' or 'as far as' the referent of the noun it marks (Pei and Gaynor 1954: 121; Gove, et al. 1966: 1277). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Lative) | |
SubClass Of | ||
LayoutElement | ||
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
LeftDislocationField | ||
Abstract | The German Linksversetzungsfeld is a field for the left-dislocated phrase of resumptive constructions. A Linksversetzung is a pendent constituent. It can be regarded as a syntactic anticipation of a part of a sentence (Telljohann et al. 2009, p.16) | |
SubClass Of | ||
LeftParentheticalPunctuation | ||
Abstract | Beginning of a paired punctuation. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2078) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
LeftSentenceBracket | ||
Abstract | In a German clause, the finite verb can appear in three different positions: verb-second, verb-initial, and verb-final. Only in verb-final clauses the verb complex consisting of the finite verb and non-finite verbal elements forms a unit. The discontinuous positioning of the verbal elements in verb-first and verb-second clauses is the traditional reason for structuring German clauses into fields. The positions of the verbal elements form the Satzklammer (sentence bracket) which divides the sentence into a Vorfeld (initial field), a Mittelfeld (middle field), and a Nachfeld (final field). The Vorfeld and the Mittelfeld are divided by the linke Satzklammer (left sentence bracket), which is the finite verb, the rechte Satzklammer (right sentence bracket) is the verb complex between the Mittelfeld and the Nachfeld. (Telljohann et al. 2009, p.13) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Letter (letter) | ||
Abstract | Letter. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1889) | |
SubClass Of | ||
LetterNumeral | ||
Abstract | Numeral expressed with letters. | |
SubClass Of | ||
Lexeme (lexeme) | ||
Abstract | Minimal unit of language which : has a semantic interpretation and embodies a distinct cultural concept. (www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsALexeme.htm; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1325) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
LexicalUnit | ||
Abstract | A LexicalUnit is a grammatical expression that is known to the speakers of that language as a conventional expression of a particular concept. It consists of a single lexeme or a conventional combination of lexemes with certain unchangeable characteristics (CC). | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
LightVerb | ||
Abstract | In linguistics, a light verb is a verb participating in complex predication that has little semantic content of its own, but provides through inflection some details on the event semantics, such as aspect, mood, or tense. The semantics of the compound, as well as its argument structure, are determined by the head or primary component of the compound, which may be a verb or noun (V+V or V+N compounds). Other names for "light verb" include: vector verb or explicator verb, emphasising its role within the compound; or thin verb or semantically weak verb, emphasising (as with "light") its lack of semantics. A "semantically weak" verb is not to be confused with a "weak verb" as in the Germanic weak inflection. Light verbs are similar to auxiliary verbs in some ways. Most English light verbs occur in V+N forms sometimes called "stretched verbs": for example, take in take a nap, where the primary sense is provided by "nap", and "take" is the light verb. The light verbs most common in these constructions are also common in phrasal verbs. A verb which is "light" in one context may be "heavy" in another: as with "take" in I will take a book to read. Examples in other languages include the Yiddish geb in geb a helf (literally give a help, "help"); the French faire in faire semblant (lit. make seeming, "pretend"); the Hindi nikal paRA (lit. leave fall, "start to leave"); and the b? construction in Chinese.[1] Some verbs are found in many such expressions; to reuse an earlier example, take is found in take a nap, take a shower, take a sip, take a bow, take turns, and so on. Light verbs are extremely common in Indo-Iranian languages, Japanese, and other languages in which verb compounding is a primary mechanism for marking aspectual distinctions. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_verb) | |
SubClass Of | ||
ListMarker | ||
Abstract | LST ? List marker. (Bies et al. 1995) | |
SubClass Of | ||
LocationAdverb | ||
SubClass Of | ||
LocationalCase | ||
Abstract | Category of case that denotes that the referent of the noun it marks is a location. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Locational) | |
SubClass Of | ||
LocationRole | ||
Abstract | Semantic role for the final location of action or a time of the action. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1326) Adverbials that indicate place/setting of the event. (PP-LOC on (NP the moon)) May also indicate metaphorical location: (PP-LOC amongst (NP yourselves)) (Bies et al. 1995) | |
SubClass Of | ||
LocativeCase (locative case) | ||
Abstract | Case that indicates a final location of action or a time of the action. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1326) | |
SubClass Of | ||
LocativePassive | ||
Abstract | An oblique locative nominal assumes the subject relation. (Klaiman 1991:17) (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/LocativePassive) | |
SubClass Of | ||
LocativePronoun | ||
Abstract | A Locative pronoun is a pronoun, which locates the object of a noun or place of anything. ? ?? ??? ?? ? ?? N?[LP] Ph?ntsho'ling-lu Sh? 'Come here at Phuntsholing' (http://panl10n.net/english/Outputs%20Phase%202/CCs/Bhutan/Papers/2007/0701/PartOfSpeech.pdf) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Macron (macron) | ||
Abstract | Mark placed over a long vowel to mark quantity. (www.southwestern.edu/~carlg/Latin_Web/glossary.html; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1327) | |
SubClass Of | ||
MainPunctuation (main punctuation) | ||
Abstract | Punctuation that is more important than a secondary punctuation with regards to sentence splitting in a text. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2075) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
MainVerb (main verb) | ||
Abstract | Main verb in contrast to a modal or an auxiliary. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1400) verb which has its own semantics (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3004, plainVerb) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
MainClause | ||
Abstract | MainClause is the class of clauses that can stand on their own as a full, independent sentence. If a sentence contains any embedded clauses, the main clause is understood as the matrix plus the embedded clauses. In the sentence 'John thinks that Mary is sick', 'John thinks that Mary is sick' is the main clause [Crystal 2001, 231]. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/MainClause) The independent clause can stand by itself as a grammatically viable simple sentence. Multiple independent clauses can be joined (usually with a comma and a coordinating conjunction) to form a compound sentence (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#mainClause with reference to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clause). | |
SubClass Of | ||
MalefactiveCase | ||
Abstract | Opposite of BenefactiveCase; used when the marked noun is negatively affected in the clause. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Malefactive) | |
SubClass Of | ||
MalefactorRole | ||
Abstract | A maleficiary (malefactor) instantiates the role of an entity (usually animate) who stands to undergoe a misfortune, or be at a disadvantage in some way from the event. (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#maleficiaryRole) | |
SubClass Of | ||
MannerNoun (manner noun) | ||
Abstract | noun expressing a manner | |
MannerAdverb | ||
SubClass Of | ||
MannerRole | ||
Abstract | Manner applies to constituents that denote how something is carried out. Adverbs may also denote manner, however, they are not annotated at any of the syntactic layers. (Dipper et al. 2007, ?5.3.11) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Masculine | ||
Abstract | Masculine gender is a grammatical gender that marks nouns, articles, pronouns, etc. having human or animal male referents, and often marks nouns having referents that do not have distinctions of sex. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/glossaryoflinguisticterms/WhatIsMasculineGender.htm 17.11.06) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Masdar (masdar) | ||
Abstract | property that expresses a verbal idea under an abstract form. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2224) the verbal noun present in Arabic and various Caucasian languages, such as Georgian and North-Caucasian languages. This grammatical term is an Arabic word, used later as a specialized, technical term to name the verbal noun in Arabic and Caucasian grammar. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masdar) | |
SubClass Of | ||
MassNoun | ||
Abstract | A mass noun (also uncountable noun or non-count noun) can't be modified by a numeral, occur in singular/plural or co-occur with the relevant kind of determiner. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_noun 19.09.06) | |
MeasureArgument | ||
Abstract | added in conformance with TIGER | |
SubClass Of | ||
MediopassiveVoice | ||
Abstract | voice which subsumes both the middle voice and the passive voice | |
SubClass Of | ||
MentalAbilitiveModality | ||
Abstract | MentalAbilitiveModality indicates that an agent has the capacity to perform some mental action [Bybee, Perkins and Pagliuca 1994: 192; Palmer 2001: 77]. | |
SubClass Of | ||
MiddleField | ||
Abstract | In a German clause, the finite verb can appear in three different positions: verb-second, verb-initial, and verb-final. Only in verb-final clauses the verb complex consisting of the finite verb and non-finite verbal elements forms a unit. The discontinuous positioning of the verbal elements in verb-first and verb-second clauses is the traditional reason for structuring German clauses into fields. The positions of the verbal elements form the Satzklammer (sentence bracket) which divides the sentence into a Vorfeld (initial field), a Mittelfeld (middle field), and a Nachfeld (final field). The Vorfeld and the Mittelfeld are divided by the linke Satzklammer (left sentence bracket), which is the finite verb, the rechte Satzklammer (right sentence bracket) is the verb complex between the Mittelfeld and the Nachfeld. (Telljohann et al. 2009, p.13) | |
SubClass Of | ||
MiddleVoice | ||
Abstract | A verb that appears active but expresses a passive action may be called middle voice, e.g. 'The chicken cooked in the oven'. In Greek the middle voice is often reflexive expressing a causative reading or that the action is performed for one's own benefit. (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#middleVoice) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
MixedInflection | ||
Abstract | German mixed inflection takes its name from the fact that it has endings from both the strong inflection and the weak inflection. The mixed inflection is used after the indefinite article "ein" and after "irgendein" e.g. "(irgend) ein kleines Kind", after "kein" or after possessive pronouns e.g. "ihr kleines Kind". (http://www.canoo.net/services/OnlineGrammar/Wort/Adjektiv/Deklinationstyp/Gemischt.html?MenuId=Word3132 20.11.06) Mixed inflection is a characteristic of lexemes, not individual tokens. | |
SubClass Of | ||
ModalParticle (modal particle) | ||
Abstract | Particle which functions as a modal. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1920) | |
SubClass Of | ||
ModalityMarkingAdverb | ||
Abstract | A modality-marking adverb is a verbal particle that serves to indicate mood, aspect and/or tense (cf. Schmidt 1999). Note that this is not to be confused with the conventional meaning of "modal adverb" in the sense of "manner adverb" (cf. http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:English_modal_adverbs), hence the uncommon name. Ruth Laila Schmidt (1999) Urdu, an essential grammar, Routledge, London. | |
SubClass Of | ||
ModalVerb | ||
Abstract | Verb form that is usually used with another verb to express ideas such as possibilities, permission, or intention. (Gil Francopoulo; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1329) A modal verb (also modal, modal auxiliary verb, modal auxiliary) is a type of auxiliary verb that is used to indicate modality. The use of auxiliary verbs to express modality is characteristic of Germanic languages. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modal_verb 19.09.06) In addition to main and auxiliary verbs, it may be useful (e.g. in English) to recognise an intermediate category of semi-auxiliary for such verbs as be going to, have got to, ought to. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node18.html#oav1v 20.09.06) The auxiliaries in English subdivide into the primary verbs `be', `have', and `do', which can also function as main verbs, and the modal auxiliaries such as `can', `will', and `would', which are uninflected, and always function as auxiliaries. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/morphsyn/node158.html#SECTION00054800000000000000) | |
SubClass Of | ||
ModernUsage (modern) | ||
Abstract | Currently in use. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1962) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Modifier | ||
Abstract | added in conformance with TIGER | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
ModifierAdverb | ||
Abstract | Adverb/Type="modifier" is used in the English, Romanian and Hungarian MTE v4 specs. For Romanian, Adverb/Type="modifier" applies to adverbs which can have predicative role, that is they can govern a subordinate sentence (ex. Fire?te c? o ?tiu -- Certainly I know it). Here (for uniformity within a multilingual environment), they are squeezed into the modifier class. (MTE v4) e.g., better (en) (http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#ModifierAdverb) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Morpheme (morpheme) | ||
Abstract | A morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit in the grammar of a language. (www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAMorpheme.htm; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1330) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
MorphologicalParticle | ||
Abstract | added in accordance with TIGER MorphologicalParticle | |
SubClass Of | ||
Multal (multal number) | ||
Abstract | Multal is a number property that refers to a large number of individuals. | |
SubClass Of | ||
MultipleNumeral (multiplicative numeral) | ||
Abstract | A Multiple Numeral serves to define a complex whole, with respect to the number of its parts, e.g., English "twofold", "twice" or "manyfold". Used in morphosyntactic descriptions of, e.g., Romanian, Slovak and Czech. (Joseph Ghostwick [1878], English language -- Grammar, Historical, London, Longmans, Green, and Co.; http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#MultipleNumeral) | |
SubClass Of | ||
MultiplicativeCase | ||
Abstract | A case used in the Hungarian MULTEXT-East scheme, e.g., tizennegyedszer/tizennegyed, tucatszor/tucat, t?zezredszer/t?zezred (hu) (http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#MultiplicativeCase) | |
SubClass Of | ||
MultiplicativeMarker | ||
Abstract | In Urdu, multiplicative numerals are formed by adding the suffix gun? (Schmidt 1999, p. 260,http://purl.org/olia/emille.owl#MultiplicativeMarker) | |
SubClass Of | ||
NamedEntity (named entity) | ||
Abstract | segment of text for which one or many rigid designators stands for the referent (Gil Francopoulo; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2275) | |
SubClass Of | ||
NearFuture | ||
Abstract | adopted from GOLD, no definition given there (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/NearFuture) | |
SubClass Of | ||
NecessitativePassive | ||
Abstract | A passive in Irish in which the preposition "with" is used, and a semantic meaning of necessity is added. (Noonan 1994:280) (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/NecessitativePassive) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Negation (negative) | ||
Abstract | denotes the negation or the absence (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1839) http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#Negated: Negative="yes" encodes negative verbal word-forms in Slavic languages and Estonian. (MTE v4) In Slovak, for example, verbs form negative by prefix 'ne-', with the exception of the verb "by?" (E. "to be") which forms the negative in indicative by using separate particle "nie", e.g. "nie je" (is not). Here, Slovak "je" would be marked as negative, despite having positive form. In Resian, negative is always marked as 'n' except for two verbs: 'n?man' / not to have, 'n?si' / not to be. (MTE v4) | |
SubClass Of | ||
NegativeParticle (negative particle) | ||
Abstract | Particle used to express negation. (Gil Francopoulo; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1894) | |
SubClass Of | ||
NegativePronoun (negative pronoun) | ||
Abstract | Pronoun used in a context of a negation or for expressing a negation. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1925) | |
SubClass Of | ||
NegativeAdverb | ||
Abstract | Adverb/Type="negative" are used in the Serbian and Romanian MTE v4 specs, e.g., for Romanian nic?ieri - nowhere, niciodat? - never. (MTE v4) (http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#NegativeAdverb) | |
SubClass Of | ||
NegativeDeterminer | ||
Abstract | Determiner/Type="negative" (Romanian) In Romanian the negative determiner is expressed by the unit nici + indefinite article (e.g. nici un, nici o). (MTE v4) e.g., nici-o/nici_un, nici_o/nici_un, nici_un, nici_unei/nici_un, nici_unii/nici_un, nici_unor/nici_un, nici_unui/nici_un (http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#NegativeDeterminer) |
|
SubClass Of | ||
Neuter | ||
Abstract | Neuter gender is a grammatical gender that includes those nouns, articles, pronouns, etc. having referents which do not have distinctions of sex, and often includes some which do have a natural sex distinction. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/glossaryoflinguisticterms/WhatIsNeuterGender.htm 17.11.06) | |
SubClass Of | ||
NeutralRegister (neutral register) | ||
Abstract | The register appropriate to general texts or discourse. (ISO12620; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1999) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Nominal | ||
Abstract | -NOM (nominal) ? marks free (?headless?) relatives and gerunds when they act nominally. (See section 9 [WH-Phrases] for more information about free relatives, and section 13 [Gerunds and Participles] for more information about gerunds.) (Bies et al. 1995) | |
SubClass Of | ||
NominalizedVerb | ||
Abstract | A non-finite embedded construction which contains features with nominal properties (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#withNominalProperites, with reference to Dik 1997) | |
SubClass Of | ||
NominalNumber | ||
Abstract | Nominal numbers are used to identify or refer the things. It does not show the quantity or rank. Example: ?????? ????????? ??????? ???? ???????? ???? NGIGI DRUELTHRIN ANGDRANG 'DI 17649037 INN my mobile number is 17649037 be ? My mobile number is 17649037.? (Jurmey Rabgay, email Sep 20, 2010, http://purl.org/olia/dzongkha.owl#NominalNumber) | |
SubClass Of | ||
NominalPredicate | ||
Abstract | A nominal predicate (noun or adjective), either with or without copula. The term nominal predicate may be used for the complements of further copulative verbs (cf. small clauses), e.g. "consider", "call", etc. (Dipper et al. 2007, ?4.3.5) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Nominative | ||
Abstract | In nominative-accusative languages, nominative case marks clausal subjects and is applies to nouns in isolation. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/glossaryoflinguisticterms/WhatIsNominativeCase.htm 17.11.06) | |
SubClass Of | ||
NonabsolutiveAntipassive | ||
Abstract | An Antipassive in which the P or logical object is overtly downgraded. (Klaiman 1991:232) (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/NonabsolutiveAntipassive) | |
SubClass Of | ||
NonAgentiveVerb | ||
Abstract | A non-agentive verb is a type of verb, which indicates an action without the doer. Example: ???? ? ?? ?? 'lungma phur-d? 'A wind is blowing' (http://panl10n.net/english/Outputs%20Phase%202/CCs/Bhutan/Papers/2007/0701/PartOfSpeech.pdf) | |
SubClass Of | ||
NonEmphatic | ||
Abstract | In languages where emphasis can be grammatically marked, the unmarked form would be considered NonEmphatic, see #Emphatic | |
SubClass Of | ||
NonFiniteEmbeddedConstruction | ||
Abstract | An embedded construction which contains a non-finite verb form (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#non-finiteEmbeddedConstruction with reference to Dik 1997) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
NonFiniteVerb | ||
Abstract | Verb forms occurring on their own only in dependent clauses and lacking tense and mood contrasts. (adapted from Crystal 2003; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1332) A non-finite verb is a verb that is not fully inflected for categories that are marked inflectionally in a language, such as the following: Tense, Aspect, Modality, Number, Person. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsANonfiniteVerb.htm 19.09.06) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
NonfiniteVerbPhrase | ||
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
NonInitial | ||
Abstract | When two distinct words occur, as in German weder...noch..., then the second is given the Non-initial value. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node18.html#oav1av 17.11.06) | |
SubClass Of | ||
NonInitialCoordinatingConjunction | ||
Abstract | When two distinct words occur, as in German weder...noch..., then the second is given the Non-initial value. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node18.html#oav1av 17.11.06) | |
SubClass Of | ||
NonInversePassive | ||
Abstract | An agent-demoting voice construction where the realization of the demoted agent is not obligatory (against Inverse). In terminological systems that distinguish "InverseVoice" from "Passive" (e.g., Givon, 1988), this is the "Passive" concept. (Ch. Chiarcos) Associated with actions performed on the subject by an unspecified agent. (McIntosh 1984:108) Refers to the category of verb forms, typically identifies with a specific morphological marking, that encode the derived diatheses in which the agent role is not linked with a subject noun phrase (Shibatani 1995:7) (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Passive) | |
SubClass Of | ||
NonNegated | ||
Abstract | Non-negated verbs carry no morphological marks of negation. In Resian, negative is always marked as 'no' except for two verbs: 'n?man' / not to have, 'n?si' / not to be. In Slovak, verbs form negative by prefix 'ne-', with the exception of the verb "by?" (E. "to be") which forms the negative in indicative by using separate particle "nie", e.g. "nie je" (is not). Here, "je" would be marked as negative, despite having positive form. (MTE v4, http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#NonNegated) | |
SubClass Of | ||
NonpromotionalInverseVoice | ||
Abstract | Involves demotion of the non-topical obviate-agent from subjecthood. (Givon 1994:24) (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/NonpromotionalInverse) | |
SubClass Of | ||
NonreducedInflection | ||
Abstract | Nonreduced adjective inflection of Slavic languages, e.g., Czech nejubo?ej??mi/uboh?, nejvysp?lej??ch/vysp?l?, nejvy???ch/vysok?, nejvzne?en?j??mu/vzne?en?, nejv??n?j??mu/v??n?, nejv?znamn?j??ch/v?znamn?, nejv?znamn?j??mi/v?znamn?, nejv?znamn?j??mu/v?znamn?, nejv?t??mi/velk? (http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#CompoundAdjective) | |
SubClass Of | ||
NonReflexive | ||
Abstract | A non-reflexive verb is a verb whose semantic agent and patient (typically represented syntactically by the subject and the direct object) are not the same. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflexive_verbs 20.11.06) | |
SubClass Of | ||
NonSeparable | ||
Abstract | Non-separable verbs are not composed of a verb stem and a separable affix. (cf. SeparabilityFeature: Separable) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Nonspecific | ||
Abstract | "By ?specific? and ?non-specific? I intend the difference between the two readings of English indefinites like (3): (3) I?m looking for a deer. In the specific reading there is a particular deer, say Bambi, that I am looking for. In the non-specific reading I will be happy to find any deer. Von Heusinger (2002) likes the test in English of inserting ?certain? after the ?a? to fix the specific reading. In either reading of (3) a deer is being introduced as a new discourse referent. This is opposed to ?definite? which requires a previous pragmatic instantiation as in ?I?m looking for the deer.? In English both the readings of (3) are indefinite. In Klallam, the specific demonstratives are neither definite nor indefinite." (Montler, Timothy. 2007. Klallam demonstratives. Papers ICSNL XLVII. The 42nd International Conference on Salish and Neighbouring Language, pp. 409-425. University of British Columbia Working Papers in Linguistics, Volume 20; on specific vs. nonspecific determiners in Klallam, a Salish language, http://montler.net/papers/KlallamDemons.pdf) A nonspecific pronoun refers to an unidentified or general entity (e.g., "I saw *someone*", "I saw *everyone*"). A nonspecific pronoun is not, therefore, a personal pronoun, but an indefinite one. (Andrews 2003). Andrews, Richard J. (2003), Introduction to Classical Nahuatl. University of Oklahoma Press. Halliday, M.A.K. (1985), An introduction to Functional Grammar, London: Edward Arnold (http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#NonspecificPronoun) | |
SubClass Of | ||
NonspecificArticle (nonspecific determiner) | ||
Abstract | "By ?specific? and ?non-specific? I intend the difference between the two readings of English indefinites like (3): (3) I?m looking for a deer. In the specific reading there is a particular deer, say Bambi, that I am looking for. In the non-specific reading I will be happy to find any deer. Von Heusinger (2002) likes the test in English of inserting ?certain? after the ?a? to fix the specific reading. In either reading of (3) a deer is being introduced as a new discourse referent. This is opposed to ?definite? which requires a previous pragmatic instantiation as in ?I?m looking for the deer.? In English both the readings of (3) are indefinite. In Klallam, the specific demonstratives are neither definite nor indefinite." (Montler, Timothy. 2007. Klallam demonstratives. Papers ICSNL XLVII. The 42nd International Conference on Salish and Neighbouring Language, pp. 409-425. University of British Columbia Working Papers in Linguistics, Volume 20; on specific vs. nonspecific determiners in Klallam, a Salish language, http://montler.net/papers/KlallamDemons.pdf) | |
SubClass Of | ||
NonspecificPronoun | ||
Abstract | In the Russian MTE v4 specs, Pronoun/Type="nonspecific" marks the following Russian words: ???? 'all', ?????? 'any, every', ??? 'oneself', ????? 'the very', ?????? 'every, each', ???? 'other', ????? 'any', ?????? 'other'. The name "nonspecific" follows Halliday (1985, Section 6.2.1.1). (MTE v4) A nonspecific pronoun refers to an unidentified or general entity (e.g., "I saw *someone*", "I saw *everyone*"). A nonspecific pronoun is not, therefore, a personal pronoun, but an indefinite one. (Andrews 2003). Andrews, Richard J. (2003), Introduction to Classical Nahuatl. University of Oklahoma Press. Halliday, M.A.K. (1985), An introduction to Functional Grammar, London: Edward Arnold (http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#NonspecificPronoun) | |
SubClass Of | ||
NotTemporallyAnchored | ||
Abstract | To be used for actions that are not bound to a particular reference point. | |
SubClass Of | ||
Noun (noun) | ||
Abstract | A noun, or noun substantive, is a part of speech (a word or phrase) which can co-occur with (in)definite articles and attributive adjectives, and function as the head of a noun phrase. The word "noun" derives from the Latin 'nomen' meaning "name", and a traditional definition of nouns is that they are all and only those expressions that refer to a person, place, thing, event, substance, quality, idea or an appointment. They serve as the subject or object of a verb, and the object of a preposition. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noun 19.09.06) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
NounHeadedPhrase | ||
Abstract | A NounHeadedPhrase takes a nominal as its (semantic) head. Introduced as a generalization over NounPhrase and PrepositionalPhrase for reasons of consistency with dependency parsers like Connexor where this differentiation is not made. | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
NounPhrase | ||
Abstract | NounPhrase is the class of phrases that have nouns as heads. They can play the role of subject in a main clause. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/NounPhrase) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
NucleonicMiddle | ||
Abstract | Object of action belongs to. Moves into, or moves from sphere of subject. (Siewierska 1988:257) (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/NucleonicMiddle) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Numeral (numeral) | ||
Abstract | A numeral is a word, functioning most typically as an adjective or pronoun, that expresses a number, and relation to the number, such as one of the following: Quantity, Sequence, Frequency, Fraction. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsANumeral.htm 19.09.06) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
NumeralBoth | ||
Abstract | Numeric value for two. | |
SubClass Of | ||
NumeralModifier | ||
Abstract | A nominal is modified by a numeral. (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#numeralModifier) | |
SubClass Of | ||
ObjectiveCase | ||
Abstract | Case used to express the direct object, indirect object, object of a preposition, object complement and subject of an infinitive. | |
SubClass Of | ||
ObligativeModality | ||
Abstract | ObligativeModality indicates that an agent is required to perform the action expressed by the predicate [Bybee, Perkins and Pagliuca 1994: 177; Palmer 2001: 71]. | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
ObliqueCase (oblique case) | ||
Abstract | Case that is used when a noun is the object of a verb or a proposition, except for nominative and vocative case. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1336) | |
SubClass Of | ||
ObliquePassive | ||
Abstract | A Passive in which a basic Oblique nominal assumes the Subject relation in a corresponding nonbasic configuration. Can include locative passives, benefactive passives and instrumental passives. (Klaiman 1991:23) (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/ObliquePassive) | |
SubClass Of | ||
ObliqueRole | ||
Abstract | A semantic role which is not straightforward. (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#obliqueCase) | |
SubClass Of | ||
OldUsage (old) | ||
Abstract | Used in the past. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1961) | |
SubClass Of | ||
olia_system:Relation | ||
Namespace | http://purl.org/olia/system.owl# | |
Sub-Classes | ||
olia_system:UnitOfAnnotation | ||
Namespace | http://purl.org/olia/system.owl# | |
olia_top:AnimacyFeature | ||
Namespace | http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl# | |
Sub-Classes | ||
olia_top:AspectFeature | ||
Namespace | http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl# | |
Sub-Classes |
|
|
olia_top:CaseFeature | ||
Namespace | http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl# | |
Sub-Classes |
|
|
olia_top:ClusivityFeature | ||
Namespace | http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl# | |
Sub-Classes | ||
olia_top:Constituent | ||
Namespace | http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl# | |
Abstract | Constituents correspond to a GOLD SyntacticConstruction: SyntacticConstruction is the class of grammar units that have syntactic structure, i.e., consisting of more than one syntactic word or construction in a syntactic configuration. [Crystal 1980, 85-86]. (http://www.linguistics-ontology.org/gold/2008) Corresponds to units of annotation in the EAGLES recommendations for syntactic annotation (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/segsasg1/node29.html#SECTION00052000000000000000) | |
Sub-Classes | ||
olia_top:CoordTypeFeature | ||
Namespace | http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl# | |
Sub-Classes | ||
olia_top:CountabilityFeature | ||
Namespace | http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl# | |
Sub-Classes | ||
olia_top:DefinitenessFeature | ||
Namespace | http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl# | |
Sub-Classes | ||
olia_top:DegreeFeature | ||
Namespace | http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl# | |
Sub-Classes | ||
olia_top:DependencyRelation | ||
Namespace | http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl# | |
SubClass Of | ||
olia_top:DiscourseEntity | ||
Namespace | http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl# | |
Sub-Classes | ||
olia_top:DominanceRelation | ||
Namespace | http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl# | |
SubClass Of | ||
olia_top:EmphasisFeature | ||
Namespace | http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl# | |
Sub-Classes | ||
olia_top:EvaluativeFeature | ||
Namespace | http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl# | |
Sub-Classes | ||
olia_top:EvidentialityFeature | ||
Namespace | http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl# | |
Sub-Classes | ||
olia_top:GenderFeature | ||
Namespace | http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl# | |
Sub-Classes | ||
olia_top:InflectionTypeFeature | ||
Namespace | http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl# | |
Abstract | In this category, different inflection-relevant features are assembled. Typically, inflection phenomena are language-specific and pertain to different grammatial categories; therefore, this collection is neither to be supposed exhaustive nor are the features necessarily disjoint (e.g., InflectedWithOvertMarker overlaps with StrongInflection or WeakInflection) | |
Sub-Classes | ||
olia_top:LexicalRelation | ||
Namespace | http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl# | |
Sub-Classes | ||
olia_top:ModalityFeature | ||
Namespace | http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl# | |
Sub-Classes |
|
|
olia_top:MoodFeature | ||
Namespace | http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl# | |
Sub-Classes | ||
olia_top:MorphologicalCategory | ||
Namespace | http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl# | |
Sub-Classes | ||
olia_top:MorphologicalProcess | ||
Namespace | http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl# | |
Sub-Classes | ||
olia_top:MorphosyntacticCategory | ||
Namespace | http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl# | |
Sub-Classes | ||
olia_top:NarrativeType | ||
Namespace | http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl# | |
Sub-Classes | ||
olia_top:NullElement | ||
Namespace | http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl# | |
Sub-Classes | ||
olia_top:NumberFeature | ||
Namespace | http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl# | |
Sub-Classes | ||
olia_top:NumeralAgreementClass | ||
Namespace | http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl# | |
Sub-Classes | ||
olia_top:OrthographicEntity | ||
Namespace | http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl# | |
Sub-Classes | ||
olia_top:PersonFeature | ||
Namespace | http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl# | |
Sub-Classes | ||
olia_top:PhonologicalProcess | ||
Namespace | http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl# | |
Sub-Classes | ||
olia_top:PolarityFeature | ||
Namespace | http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl# | |
Sub-Classes | ||
olia_top:ProximityFeature | ||
Namespace | http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl# | |
Sub-Classes | ||
olia_top:ReduplicationTypeFeature | ||
Namespace | http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl# | |
olia_top:ReferentTypeFeature | ||
Namespace | http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl# | |
Sub-Classes | ||
olia_top:ReflexivityFeature | ||
Namespace | http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl# | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
olia_top:RegisterFeature | ||
Namespace | http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl# | |
Sub-Classes | ||
olia_top:SemanticRole | ||
Namespace | http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl# | |
Sub-Classes | ||
olia_top:SemanticUnit | ||
Namespace | http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl# | |
Sub-Classes | ||
olia_top:SentenceTypeFeature | ||
Namespace | http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl# | |
Sub-Classes | ||
olia_top:SeparabilityFeature | ||
Namespace | http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl# | |
Sub-Classes | ||
olia_top:SpecificityFeature | ||
Namespace | http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl# | |
Sub-Classes | ||
olia_top:StrengthFeature | ||
Namespace | http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl# | |
Sub-Classes | ||
olia_top:SubordTypeFeature | ||
Namespace | http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl# | |
Sub-Classes | ||
olia_top:SyntacticConstruction | ||
Namespace | http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl# | |
Sub-Classes | ||
olia_top:SyntacticFunction | ||
Namespace | http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl# | |
Sub-Classes | ||
olia_top:SyntacticRelation | ||
Namespace | http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl# | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
olia_top:SyntacticRole | ||
Namespace | http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl# | |
Sub-Classes | ||
olia_top:TenseFeature | ||
Namespace | http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl# | |
Sub-Classes | ||
olia_top:TopologicalField | ||
Namespace | http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl# | |
Abstract | Topological fields are a descriptive formalism to describe regularities of the makro-structure of sentences, for example, in the traditional description of word order inseveral Germanic languages (e.g., German, Dutch, Danish). More recently, similar conceptions of topological fields have been further developed in the context of constructivistic grammar formalisms, e.g., Role and Reference Grammar (van Valin and LaPolla 1997). | |
Sub-Classes | ||
olia_top:UsageAndFrequencyFeature | ||
Namespace | http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl# | |
Sub-Classes | ||
olia_top:ValencyFeature | ||
Namespace | http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl# | |
Abstract | ValencyFeature cannot be reflexive, because hasSyntacticValency is distinguished from hasSemanticValency | |
Sub-Classes | ||
olia_top:VoiceFeature | ||
Namespace | http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl# | |
Sub-Classes | ||
olia_top:Word | ||
Namespace | http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl# | |
Sub-Classes | ||
OmittedUnit | ||
Abstract | *U* ?????? unit ... This element marks the interpreted position of a unit symbol, such as $, # (British pounds), FFr (French francs), C$, US$, HK$, A$, M$, S$, and NZ$. It may also appear after % or even cents, when convenient. See section 11 [Modification of NP] for more details on the use of *U*. ... In general, *U* is placed where the word corresponding to the symbol would appear in the string if the text were read aloud. One notable exception is in certain hyphenated compound adjectives, such as a $5-a-share increase (spoken: ??????A five dollar a share increase??????). Here, the bracketing will usually not reflect the spoken order, with *U* placed as the last element in the ADJP: (NP a (ADJP $ 5-a-share *U*) increase) Sometimes, this type may lack the *U* entirely. (Bies et al. 1995) | |
SubClass Of | ||
OnceNoun | ||
Abstract | noun conveying the meaning that the action is performed once | |
SubClass Of | ||
OnomatopoeticWord (onomatopoetic word) | ||
Abstract | no definition given | |
SubClass Of | ||
OpenBracket (open bracket) | ||
Abstract | Punctuation that is represented graphically as [ (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2082) | |
SubClass Of | ||
OpenCurlyBracket (open curly bracket) | ||
Abstract | Punctuation that is graphically represented as { (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2084) | |
SubClass Of | ||
OpenParenthesis (open parenthesis) | ||
Abstract | Beginning of a pair of parenthesis. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1442) | |
SubClass Of | ||
OpenAngleBracket | ||
Abstract | < *LAB* Left angle bracket (Santorini 1991) | |
SubClass Of | ||
OpenQuote | ||
Abstract | quotation mark, opening | |
SubClass Of | ||
OpenSquareBracket | ||
Abstract | [ *LSB* Left square bracket (Santorini 1991) | |
SubClass Of | ||
OptativeModality | ||
Abstract | Optative indicates that the speaker wishes or hopes that the expressed proposition be the case (Bybee, Perkins, and Pagliuca 1994: 179; Palmer 2001: 204). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Optative) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
OptativeMood | ||
Abstract | Optative indicates that the speaker wishes or hopes that the expressed proposition be the case (Bybee, Perkins, and Pagliuca 1994: 179; Palmer 2001: 204). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Optative) | |
SubClass Of | ||
OrdinalAdjective (ordinal adjective) | ||
Abstract | Adjective expressing a numeric ranking. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1338) Cf. "second", "next", "last" | |
SubClass Of | ||
OrdinalNumber | ||
Abstract | An ordinal number is a number belonging to a class whose members designate positions in a sequence, e.g. in English "First", "Second", "Third". (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAOrdinalNumeral.htm 19.09.06) | |
SubClass Of | ||
OtherAnimacy (other animacy) | ||
Abstract | Perceived as related to animacy, but without specific reference to the previous items. (ISO12620; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1953) | |
SubClass Of | ||
OtherSourceEvidentiality | ||
Abstract | An indication that the source of information is someone other than the speaker. [Aikhenvald 2006: 106] | |
SubClass Of | ||
ParentheticalPunctuation | ||
Abstract | Parenthetical elements are dominated by a node labeled PRN. Punctuation marks that set off a parenthetical (i.e., commas, dashes, parentheses (-LRB- and -RRB-)) are contained within the PRN node. Use of PRN is determined ultimately by individual annotator intuition, though the presence of dashes or parentheses strongly suggests a parenthetical. (Bies et al. 1995) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
Participle (participle) | ||
Abstract | A participle is a lexical item, derived from a verb that has some of the characteristics and functions of both verbs and adjectives. In English, participles may be used as adjectives, and in non-finite forms of verbs. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAParticiple.htm 19.09.06) Non-finite form of a verb other than the infinitive that is used in many languages possibly in conjunction with an auxiliary and that functions attributively, predicatively or adverbially. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1341) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
ParticipleAdjective (participle adjective) | ||
Abstract | Adjective based on a verb. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1598) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
EmbeddedParticiple (participle construction) | ||
Abstract | A participle is the head of the embedded construction. (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#withParticipleAsHead) Participial constructions are used as adjunct clauses in Old High German. As they lack a finite verb form they are kept separately from finite subordinate clauses. (http://purl.org/olia/tcodex.owl#ParticipialConstruction) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Particle | ||
Abstract | synonym of Unique, to be avoided because of its divergent definitions (Chiarcos) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes |
|
|
ParticleAdverb | ||
Abstract | Word that is both an adverb and a particle. | |
SubClass Of | ||
AffirmativeParticle (particule affirmative) | ||
Abstract | Particle used to express affirmation. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1918) | |
SubClass Of | ||
PartitiveArticle | ||
Abstract | A partitive article indicates an indefinite quantity of a mass noun; there is no partitive article in English, though the words some or any often have that function. An example is French du / de la / des, as in Voulez-vous du caf?? ("Do you want some coffee?" or "Do you want coffee"). (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_(grammar) 19.09.06) | |
SubClass Of | ||
PartitiveCase | ||
Abstract | The partitive case is a grammatical case which denotes "partialness", "without result", or "without specific identity". (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#partitiveCase with reference to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partitive) PartitiveCase expresses the partial nature of the referent of the noun it marks, as opposed to expressing the whole unit or class of which the referent is a part. This case may be found in items such as the following: existential clauses, nouns that are accompanied by numerals or units of measure, or predications of material from which something is made. It often has a meaning similar to the English word 'some' (Pei and Gaynor 1954: 161; Richards, Platt, and Weber 1985: 208; Quirk, et al. 1985: 249; Gove, et al. 1966: 1648; Sebeok 1946: 1214). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Partitive) | |
SubClass Of | ||
PartitiveDeterminer | ||
Abstract | A partitive determiner indicates an indefinite quantity of a mass noun; there is no partitive article in English, though the words some or any often have that function. (Wilson and Leech 1996) | |
SubClass Of | ||
PassiveVoice | ||
Abstract | When the subject is the patient, target or undergoer of the action, it is said to be in the passive voice. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_voice 17.11.06) When the subject is the agent or actor of the verb, the verb is said to be in the active voice. When the subject is the patient, target or undergoer of the action, it is said to be in the passive voice. (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#passiveVoice) Passive is often not clearly distinguished from Inverse: According to Giv?n (1988), Inverse is characterized by obligatory realization of the suppressed agent, whereas the realization of the agent in a passive construction is optional (or impossible). This restrictive definition of passive does, however, conflict with the use of the term "passive" for European languages. Then, English and German "Passive" would be Inverses. Therefore, Inverse is a subconcept of Passive here. Giv?n's original Passive is NonInversePassive. | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
Past | ||
Abstract | The past tense is a verb tense expressing action, activity, state or being in the past. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Past_tense 17.11.06) The past tense refers to a tense category which places an event in the past. (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#pastTense) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
PastParticipleAdjective (past participle adjective) | ||
Abstract | Adjective based on a past participle. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1596) | |
SubClass Of | ||
PastPerfectTense (Past perfect) | ||
Abstract | Past perfect tense is an absolute-relative tense that refers to a time in the past relative to a reference point, which itself is in the past relative to the moment of utterance (www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsPastPerfectTense.htm; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1348) | |
SubClass Of | ||
PastInFuture | ||
Abstract | Locates the situation in question in the future, prior to a reference time in the future. | |
SubClass Of | ||
PastParticiple | ||
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
PathRole | ||
Abstract | added in accordance with TIGER way (directional modifier) | |
SubClass Of | ||
PatientRole | ||
Abstract | A patient instantiates the role of an entity which undergoes a change of state (Cruse 2000:284) http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#patientRole | |
SubClass Of | ||
Paucal (paucal) | ||
Abstract | Number that specifies 'a few' things. (en2.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paucal_number; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1350) | |
SubClass Of | ||
PaucalQuantifier | ||
Abstract | Quantifiers that enforce paucal agreement. In many Slavic languages, numerals between 2 and 4 (and some quantifiers) involve a specific agreement patterns that is different from that of smaller and greater numbers. In Russian, for example, genitive singular is requires. These numerals and quantifiers with the same characteristics are referred to here as "paucal quantifiers". (cf. David Pesetsky, http://www.uni-leipzig.de/~jtrommer/Harvard/pesetsky.pdf) | |
SubClass Of | ||
PejorativeEvaluative | ||
Abstract | An evaluative property of a noun that indicates the speaker regards the person or object being referred to with distaste, contempt, or displeasure [Valentine 2001: 190-193]. | |
SubClass Of | ||
Perfect | ||
Abstract | A verb tense that refers to completed action in the past. It corresponds to three English tenses. (www.southwestern.edu/~carlg/Latin_Web/glossary.html; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1351) | |
SubClass Of | ||
PerfectiveAspect | ||
Abstract | The perfective aspects (inceptive, punctual and completive) view the situation as a bounded entity, and often put an emphasis on its beginning or end. (Bybee 1985:21) (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#perfectiveAspect) The Perfective aspect is an aspect that expresses a temporal view of an event or state as a simple whole, apart from the consideration of the internal structure of the time in which it occurs. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/glossaryoflinguisticterms/WhatIsPerfectiveAspect.htm 17.11.06) A viewpoint aspect which encodes the speaker?s willingness to attend to the endpoints of the situation referred to. Perfective aspect is the canonical mode of presentation for events (Michaelis 1998: xv). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Perfective) | |
SubClass Of | ||
PeriodicAdjective | ||
Abstract | It is an adjective, which expresses the time or period of the circumstances, while modifying a noun. ?? ?? ?? ? ?? ? ? ? ? Nahing Nga chigyel-lu joyi 'I went abroad last year' (http://panl10n.net/english/Outputs%20Phase%202/CCs/Bhutan/Papers/2007/0701/PartOfSpeech.pdf) | |
SubClass Of | ||
PerlativeCase | ||
Abstract | PerlativeCase expresses that something moved 'through','across', or 'along' the referent of the noun that is marked (Blake 1998: 38, 203). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Perlative) | |
SubClass Of | ||
PermissiveModality | ||
Abstract | PermissiveModality indicates that an agent has permission to perform the action expressed by the predicate [Palmer 2001: 10, 71]. | |
SubClass Of | ||
Personal (personal) | ||
Abstract | Property that refers to the person. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1946) | |
SubClass Of | ||
PersonalPassive | ||
Abstract | A Passive in which the argument mapped to Object in a basic structural configuration assumes the Subject relation in a corresponding nonbasic configuration. (Klaiman 1991:23) (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/PersonalPassive) | |
SubClass Of | ||
PersReflPronoun | ||
Abstract | In Eagles personal and reflexive pronouns are brought together as a single value Pers./Refl. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node17.html#recp 19.09.06) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
PhasalAspect | ||
Abstract | A set of aspectual distinctions involving relations between a background situation (the reference situation) and a situation located relative to the reference situation (the denoted situation). In English, phasal distinctions are expressed by auxiliary-headed constructions, like the inceptive, progressive, and perfect constructions, whose head verbs express the aspectual class of the denoted situation. The aspectual class of the denoted situation differs from that of the reference situation (Michaelis 1998:xv). An event may have a beginning and an end, a middle portion (continuing or changing), and also an ensuing result or an altered state. These are considered to be the various ?phases? of an event. A speaker may talk about an event from the point of view of any of these individual phases, and his language may have inflectional (or other type of) markers for representing these distinctions. Since such markers indicate distinctions in the temporal structure of an event, we may regard them as belonging to the category of aspect. It has been suggested (Dik 1989: 186) that these may be grouped under a subcategory (or ?level") of aspect called ?phasal aspect". (Bhat 1999:49) (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Phasal) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Phrase | ||
Abstract | Phrase is the class of syntactic constructions that consist of one or more syntactic words, but lack the subject-predicate organization of a clause. Phrases get their grammatical characteristics according to what word occupies the head position; thus, all phrases have heads [Crystal 1980, 232-233; Pei and Gaynor 1954, 169; Pike and Pike 1982, 453]. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Phrase) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
Phraseme | ||
Abstract | Conventional lexical unit consisting of a particular phrase (CC) | |
SubClass Of | ||
PhysicalAbilitiveModality | ||
Abstract | PhysicalAbilitiveModality indicates that an agent has the physical capacity to perform some action. [Bybee, Perkins and Pagliuca 1994: 192; Palmer 2001: 77] | |
SubClass Of | ||
PlaceNoun | ||
Abstract | noun expressing a location | |
SubClass Of | ||
PlainMiddle | ||
Abstract | Results of action occur to subject. (Siewierska 1988:257) (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/PlainMiddle) | |
SubClass Of | ||
PluperfectTense | ||
Abstract | PastInPast tense locates the situation in question prior to a reference time in the past. Also known as PluperfectTense. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/PastInPast) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Plural | ||
Abstract | Plural is a grammatical number, typically referring to more than one of the referent in the real world. In English, nouns, pronouns, and demonstratives inflect for plurality. In many other languages, for example German and the various Romance languages, articles and adjectives also inflect for plurality. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plural 17.11.06) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
PluralQuantifier | ||
Abstract | A PluralQuantifier is a Quantifier (or Numeral) that specifies a large multitude of entities. The agreement pattern of a plural quantifier is different from that or an singular quantifier, but as opposed to DualQuantifier and PaucalQuantifier, PluralQuantifier includes quantifiers that denote arbitrarily large sets of entities. (Chiarcos) The corresponding category in Czech, Polish and Slovak MTE v4 specs is Numeral/Class="definite", that refers to numerals larger than four. (MTE v4) | |
SubClass Of | ||
PointOfViewAspect | ||
Abstract | point of view aspect (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#viewPointAspect) | |
SubClass Of | ||
PoliteSecondPersonPronoun | ||
Abstract | In several European languages exist special forms of pronouns for polite or respectful reference, e.g. Dutch u and Spanish usted. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node18.html#oav1p 19.09.06) | |
SubClass Of | ||
PositionerRole | ||
Abstract | The entity controlling a Position (Dik, 1997:118) (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#positionerRole) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Positive | ||
Abstract | Value used in a comparison relationship when no comparison is involved. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1420) The Positive is the form of an adjective or adverb on which comparative and superlative are formed. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive 17.11.06) | |
SubClass Of | ||
PossessedCase | ||
Abstract | PossessedCase is used to mark the noun whose referent is possessed by the referent of another noun. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Possessed) | |
SubClass Of | ||
PossessionMarker | ||
Abstract | In Urdu, w?l? can be added to substantives to derive nouns implying possession or general relationships, e.g., go-w?l, or go-w?l?, s.m. cow-keeper, cow-herd (from go, 'cow'), or ghar-w?l?, s.m. master or owner of the house (from ghar, 'house') (Plats 1884, cf. http://purl.org/olia/urdu.owl#Wala) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Possessive (possessive) | ||
Abstract | Relative to the possession or association. (www.wordreference.com/English/definition.asp?en=possessive; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1355) | |
SubClass Of | ||
PossessiveParticle (possessive particle) | ||
Abstract | Particle expressing ownship. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1895) | |
SubClass Of | ||
PossessiveAdjective | ||
Abstract | A PossessiveAdjective is an denominal adjective, often derived from a ProperNoun, that serves to indicate possession in most Slavic languages. Unlike a genitival construction, a possessive adjective shows agreement with its head noun. (Chiarcos) | |
SubClass Of | ||
PossessiveArticle | ||
Abstract | In Romanian, the possessive article (also called genitival article) is an element in the structure of the possessive pronoun, of the ordinal numeral (e.g. al meu (mine) and al treilea (the third)), and of the indefinite genitive forms of the nouns (e.g. capitol al c?r?ii (chapter of the book)), e.g., -al/al, a/al, ai/al, al, ale/al, alor/al (http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#PossessiveArticle) | |
SubClass Of | ||
PossessiveDeterminer | ||
Abstract | A possessive determiner is a part of speech that modifies a noun by attributing ownership to someone or something. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Possessive_adjective 19.09.06) | |
SubClass Of | ||
PossessivePronoun | ||
Abstract | A possessive pronoun is a pronoun that expresses relationships like ownership, such as kinship, and other forms of association. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAPossessivePronoun.htm 19.09.06) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
PossessiveRelativePronoun | ||
Abstract | A relative pronoun whose antecedent is the possessor of the subject or object in the relative clause. | |
PossessorRole | ||
Abstract | Semantic role as used by the Stanford Dependency Parser | |
SubClass Of | ||
Possible | ||
Abstract | Value that denotes a linguistic situation considered as being correct in the given language | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
PostHodiernalFuture | ||
Abstract | PostHodiernalFutureTense locates the situation in question after the span that is culturally defined as 'today' (Bybee, Perkins, and Pagliuca 1994: 247). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/PostHodiernalFuture) | |
SubClass Of | ||
PostNominalModifier | ||
Abstract | Postmodifying is a function of an adjective that can modify, describe, or qualify a preceding noun. (EAGLES) modificationType: Refers to the prenominal or postnominal positions of determiners which distinguish different forms. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1931) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Postposition | ||
Abstract | A postposition is an adposition that occurs after its complement. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAPostposition.htm 19.09.06) | |
SubClass Of | ||
PragmaticInverseVoice | ||
Abstract | If the agent is more topical than the patient, the direct-active clause is used. If norm is reversed and the patient is more topical, the inverse clause is used. (Givon 1994:23) (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/PragmaticInverse) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Predicate | ||
Abstract | The predicate is the relation between the Clause and a portion of a clause, excluding the subject, that expresses something about the subject (Crystal 1980: 280; Hartmann and Stork 1972: 182; Pei and Gaynor 1954: 173; Pike and Pike 1982: 40; Mish et al. 1990: 926; Crystal 1985: 241-242). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/predicate) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
PredicativeMarker (predicative marker) | ||
Abstract | no definition given | |
SubClass Of | ||
PredicativeAdjective | ||
Abstract | A predicative adjective is one which functions as part of the predicate of a sentence. This means that it is linked to the noun by a verb, often a copula (such as to be). (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjective 18.09.06) | |
SubClass Of | ||
PreferredEvaluative | ||
Abstract | An evaluative property of a noun that indicates the speaker regards the person or object being referred to with favor or admiration. | |
SubClass Of | ||
Prefix (prefix) | ||
Abstract | Affix added before a word to change its meaning or part of speech. (Sue Ellen Wright + Gil Francopoulo; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1365) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
PreHodiernalPast | ||
Abstract | PreHodiernalPastTense locates the situation in question before that of a contrasting HodiernalPastTense. According to Bybee, Perkins, Pagliuca 1994: 98. this category must be defined relative to a HodiernalPastTense. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/PreHodiernalPast) | |
SubClass Of | ||
PreNominalModifier | ||
Abstract | Premodifying is a function of an adjective that can modify a following noun. (EAGLES) modificationType: Refers to the prenominal or postnominal positions of determiners which distinguish different forms. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1931) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Preposition (preposition) | ||
Abstract | A preposition is an adposition that occurs before its complement. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAPreposition.htm 19.09.06) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
PrepositionalAdverb | ||
Abstract | adverb which is very similar in its form to a preposition | |
SubClass Of | ||
PrepositionalCase | ||
Abstract | In many grammars, the term "prepositional case" is to refer to case marking that only occurs in combination with prepositions. Normally, this is an oblique case, e.g., the Russian 6th case, also referred to as "locative". (Ch. Chiarcos) | |
SubClass Of | ||
PrepositionalObject | ||
Abstract | Prepositional object | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
PrepositionalPhrase | ||
Abstract | A sequence of a preposition and its complement is a prepositional phrase. The complement of a preposition is usually a noun phrase (see examples 38 to 40), but may also be a clause or an adverb phrase. According to the categories recommended here, a prepositional phrase may be analysed further into preposition and noun phrase. The examples below demonstrate how this further analysis can be a recursive procedure. (38) [PP en [NP sustitucion [PP de [NP los canales correspondientes [PP de [NP 50 baudios NP] PP] NP] PP] NP] PP]. (39) [NP Fairbanks NP] [VP hummed [NP a few bars NP] VP] [PP in [NP a voice [VP made resonant [PP by [NP the very weakness [PP of [NP his chest NP] PP] NP] PP] VP] NP] PP]. (40) [PP En [NP el caso [PP de [NP un sistema mixto [PP en [NP el [CL que [VP se utilicen [NP canales [PP con [NP tres velocidades [PP de [NP modulacion NP] PP] diferentes NP] PP] NP] VP] CL] NP] PP] NP] PP] NP] PP] In a language such as Spanish, where a large proportion of the modification of nouns takes the form of a following preposition de and another noun, this recursion is extremely prevalent, as in 40. In cases where the prepositional phrase is complemented by a one word noun phrase, it may be advantageous to leave the analysis at this point, rather than continuing to analyse further by enclosing the complement (see also one-word constituents). (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/segsasg1/node34.html#SECTION00052500000000000000) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
Present | ||
Abstract | Present tense refers to the moment of utterance. (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#presentTense) Present tense refers to the moment of utterance. It often refers to events or states that do not merely coincide with the moment of utterance, such as those that are continuous, habitual, or lawlike. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/glossaryoflinguisticterms/WhatIsPresentTense.htm 17.11.06) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
PresentParticipleAdjective (present participle adjective) | ||
Abstract | Adjective based on a present participle. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1597) | |
SubClass Of | ||
PresentativePronoun | ||
Abstract | pronoun that identify the current locative or temporal situation | |
SubClass Of | ||
PresentParticiple | ||
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
PresumptiveModality | ||
Abstract | The presumptive mood is used in Romanian to express presupposition or hypothesis regarding the fact denoted by the verb, as well as other more or less similar attitudes: doubt, curiosity, concern, condition, indifference, inevitability. For example, acolo s-o fi dus "he might have gone there" shows the basic presupposition use, while the following excerpt from a poem by Eminescu shows the use both in a conditional clause de-o fi "suppose it is" and in a main clause showing an attitude of submission to fate le-om duce "we would bear". De-o fi una, de-o fi alta... Ce e scris ?i pentru noi, Bucuro?i le-om duce toate, de e pace, de-i r?zboi. Be it one, be it the other... Whatever fate we have, We will gladly go through all, be it peace or be it war (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrealis_mood#Presumptive) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
PresumptiveMood | ||
Abstract | The presumptive mood is used in Romanian to express presupposition or hypothesis regarding the fact denoted by the verb, as well as other more or less similar attitudes: doubt, curiosity, concern, condition, indifference, inevitability. For example, acolo s-o fi dus "he might have gone there" shows the basic presupposition use, while the following excerpt from a poem by Eminescu shows the use both in a conditional clause de-o fi "suppose it is" and in a main clause showing an attitude of submission to fate le-om duce "we would bear". De-o fi una, de-o fi alta... Ce e scris ?i pentru noi, Bucuro?i le-om duce toate, de e pace, de-i r?zboi. Be it one, be it the other... Whatever fate we have, We will gladly go through all, be it peace or be it war (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrealis_mood#Presumptive) | |
SubClass Of | ||
PreverbalParticle | ||
SubClass Of | ||
ProcessedRole | ||
Abstract | The entity that undergoes a Process (Dik, 1997:118). (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#processedRole) | |
SubClass Of | ||
ProgressiveAspect | ||
Abstract | ProgressiveAspect, also called the continuative or the durative, encodes a single event as an ongoing process. Thus, states cannot generally be encoded with the progressive (Comrie 1976: 32-35; Bybee, Perkins and Pagliuca 1994: 127-139; Payne 1997: 240). An exponent of phasal aspect which expresses a stative situation that holds during the time at which an event is occurring (e. g., He is fixing the fence) (Michaelis 1998:xv). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Progressive) | |
SubClass Of | ||
ProgressivePassive | ||
Abstract | A passive in Irish in which the preposition "at" is used, and a semantic meaning of progressive tense is found (Noonan 1994:280) (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/ProgressivePassive) | |
SubClass Of | ||
ProlativeCase | ||
Abstract | Case for a noun or a pronoun that expresses motion within a place or a period of time needed for an event. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1368) | |
SubClass Of | ||
PromotionalInverseVoice | ||
Abstract | Involves promotion of the topical proximate-patient to subjecthood. (Givon 1994:24) (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/PromotionalInverse) | |
SubClass Of | ||
PronominalAdverb (pronominal adverb) | ||
Abstract | Pronominal adverbs substitute for a preposition (which is incorporated into them) and an NP, cf. English therefore lit. "for this (reason, ...)", German deswegen lit. "because of this (reason, ...)". (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/elm_de/node235.html 21.09.06, examples Ch. Chiarcos) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
Pronoun | ||
Abstract | A pronoun is a pro-form which functions like a noun and substitutes for a noun or a noun-phrase. A language may have several classes of pronouns. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAPronoun.htm 19.09.06) A pronominal is a phrase that functions as a pronoun (www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAPronominal.htm; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1369) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes |
|
|
PronounOrDeterminer (pronoun or determiner) | ||
Abstract | The parts of speech Pronoun, Determiner and Article heavily overlap in their formal and functional characteristics, and different analyses for different languages entail separating them out in different ways. In Eagles, Pronouns and Determiners are placed in one `super-category'. For some descriptions it may be thought best to treat them as totally different parts of speech. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node17.html#recp 19.09.06) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
ProperNoun (proper noun) | ||
Abstract | Proper nouns (also called proper names) are the names of unique entities. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noun 19.09.06) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
ProprietiveCase | ||
Abstract | Proprietive case marks a possessional relation, i.e. 'having' something. (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#proprietiveCase-grammatical) | |
SubClass Of | ||
ProQuantifier | ||
Abstract | A ProQuantifier is a quantifier derived from a pronominal element. ProQuantifiers thus partly characterized as pronouns (e.g., as pronominal adverbs) or quantifiers (e.g., "indefinite numeral" as in MTE v.4). (http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#ProQuantifier) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
Proximal | ||
Abstract | The referent denoted by a distal demonstrative pronoun (e.g., English that) is usually spatially more remote or discoursally less salient as compared to a referent denoted by a proximal demonstrative pronoun (e.g., English this) (Chiarcos) | |
SubClass Of | ||
PseudopassiveVoice | ||
Abstract | voice in a specify passive construction (different from the regular passive) where the patient is the syntactic subject and agent is the syntactic object | |
SubClass Of | ||
Punctuation | ||
Abstract | Punctuation marks (PU) are treated here as a part of morphosyntactic annotation, as it is very common for punctuation marks to be tagged and to be treated as equivalent to words for the purposes of automatic tag assignment. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node16.html#mp 19.09.06) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
PurposeRole | ||
Abstract | -PRP (purpose or reason) ?????? marks purpose or reason clauses and PPs. (Bies et al. 1995) | |
SubClass Of | ||
PurposiveAspect | ||
Abstract | The purposive aspect appears to add the notion of intention or probability, both negative and positive. (Steckley, 2007, p. 14, about Huron) (John Steckley, 2007, Words of the Huron, Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press) | |
SubClass Of | ||
PurposiveCase | ||
Abstract | Purposive marks the goal of an activity, e.g., 'going out FOR (i.e. to catch) KANGAROOS'; 'call them FOR (i.e. to eat) FOOD'. The common purposive suffix -gu is a recurrent suffix on verbs ... The purposive case suffix is often used on a nominalised clause (and this may possibly be the origin of the verbal purposive). (Dixon 2002, p.134, on purposive case in [several] Australian languages) R.M.W. Dixon (2002), Australian Languages. CUP, Cambridge | |
SubClass Of | ||
Quadrial (quadrial) | ||
Abstract | Property related to four elements. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2000) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Qualifier | ||
Abstract | Also called MODIFIER : A word or phrase that qualifies the sense of another word; for example, the noun alarm is a modifier of clock in "alarm clock" and the phrase every day is an adverbial modifier of walks in "he walks every day" (www.wordreference.com/English/definition.asp?en=modifier; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1373) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
QualifierAdjective (qualifier adjective) | ||
Abstract | Adjective used to qualify. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1477) | |
SubClass Of | ||
QualitativeVerb (qualitative verb) | ||
Abstract | no definition given | |
SubClass Of | ||
QuantificationalAspect | ||
Abstract | A speaker may report an event as occurring once only (semelfactive) or several times (iterative); he may view it as a specific event or as part of a general habit of carrying out similar events; he may also differentiate between different degrees of frequency with which the event occurs. The markers that a given language provides for one or more of these meaning distinctions can be grouped under a subcategory called ?quantificational aspect", as all of them refer to the quantitative aspect of the event concerned (Bhat 1999:53). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Quantificational) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Quantifier | ||
Abstract | A quantifier is a determiner that expresses a referent's definite or indefinite number or amount. A quantifier functions as a modifier of a noun, or pronoun. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAQuantifier.htm 19.09.06) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
NominalQuantifier (quantifier noun) | ||
Abstract | A noun which quantifies one or more things, regardless of subject and an object. ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? NGAGI BUM 'NGA 'DA CHECI I girl five with met ?I met with five girls.? (Jurmey Rabgay, email Sep 20, 2010) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Question | ||
Abstract | There are two types of questions: direct questions (which are main clauses ending with a question mark) and indirect questions (which are subordinate clauses embedded under a verb). In this section, we discuss only direct questions; indirect questions are bracketed as SBAR??????s (see Section 5.17). (Santorini 1991) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
QuestionWord (question word) | ||
Abstract | A proform that is used in questions to stand for the item questioned. | |
SubClass Of | ||
QuestionPredicate | ||
Abstract | SQ ?????? Inverted yes/no question, or main clause of a wh-question, following the wh-phrase in SBARQ. (Bies et al. 1995) SQ|That part of an SBARQ that excludes the wh-word or wh-phrase. See Section 5.32. (Santorini 1991) The SBARQ label marks wh-questions (i.e., those that contain a gap and therefore require a trace). A further level of structure, SQ, contains the inverted auxiliary (if there is one) and the rest of the sentence. The inverted auxiliary in wh-questions is not labeled. ... SQ (See also section 1.2.7.) ?????? inside SBARQ: As described above, inside wh-questions, SQ holds the subject, inverted auxiliary (if any), main verb phrase, and some adjuncts. ?????? yes/no questions: SQ is used for yes/no questions (i.e., those with inversion but no wh-movement). ... ?????? subject-less yes/no questions: In questions where the auxiliary and subject do not appear, the auxiliary is unlabeled and a null subject (NP-SBJ *) is used. ... Note that questions with overt subjects and auxiliaries that show declarative word order are simply labeled S. ?????? Tag questions: Tag questions are treated as an adjunction of SQ to S. The resulting structure is labeled SQ, since the whole thing is interrogative in nature. The lower SQ is annotated to show predicate deletion; that is, an appropriate null *?* is inserted. (Bies et al. 1995) | |
SubClass Of | ||
QuotativeModality | ||
Abstract | A quotative is grammatical device to mark reported speech in some languages (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quotative), e.g., in Estonian. ?Reportedly, while he was going (in his boat), he turned over.? Ta olevat oma paadiga ?mber l?inud He was_QUOTATIVE his_own boat_WITH over gone. (Estonian translation of an example given under http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAQuotativeEvidential.htm) (Heiki-Jaan.Kaalep, email 2010/06/22) |
|
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
QuotativeMood | ||
Abstract | A quotative is grammatical device to mark reported speech in some languages (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quotative), e.g., in Estonian. ?Reportedly, while he was going (in his boat), he turned over.? Ta olevat oma paadiga ?mber l?inud He was_QUOTATIVE his_own boat_WITH over gone. (Estonian translation of an example given under http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAQuotativeEvidential.htm) (Heiki-Jaan.Kaalep, email 2010/06/22) |
|
SubClass Of | ||
QuotativeVerb | ||
Abstract | A quotative is grammatical device to mark reported speech in some languages (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quotative), e.g., in Estonian. ?Reportedly, while he was going (in his boat), he turned over.? Ta olevat oma paadiga ?mber l?inud He was_QUOTATIVE his_own boat_WITH over gone. (Estonian translation of an example given under http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAQuotativeEvidential.htm) (Heiki-Jaan Kaalep, email 2010/06/22) |
|
SubClass Of | ||
Quote (quote) | ||
Abstract | Punctuation usually used to surround a quotation. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2081) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
RarelyUsed (rarely used) | ||
Abstract | Said of a term that is almost never used. (ISO12620; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1986) | |
SubClass Of | ||
RecentPast | ||
Abstract | RecentPastTense locates the situation in question prior to the present moment, but by culturally and situationally defined criteria, usually within the span ranging from yesterday to a week or a few months previous (Comrie 1985:87; Dahl 1985:121-122). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/RecentPast) | |
SubClass Of | ||
RecipientRole | ||
Abstract | A recipient instantiates the role of an entity (usually animate) who
recieves an entity in some way from the event.
Prototypically ?recieve? here means ?to take in one?s hand, or into one?s possession (something held out or offered by another); to take delivery of (a thing) from another? in some way. (OED) (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#recipientRole) |
|
SubClass Of | ||
ReciprocalMiddle | ||
Abstract | Referents of plural subject do action to one another. (Siewierska 1988:257) (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/ReciprocalMiddle) | |
SubClass Of | ||
ReciprocalPronoun | ||
Abstract | A reciprocal pronoun is a pronoun that expresses a mutual feeling or action among the referents of a plural subject. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAReciprocalPronoun.htm 19.09.06) | |
SubClass Of | ||
ReducedInflection | ||
Abstract | Reduced adjective inflection of Slavic languages, e.g., Czech e.g., brillsk?/brillsk?, nezn?mo/nezn?m?, samo/s?m, samy/s?m (http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#NominalAdjective) | |
SubClass Of | ||
ReducedRelativeClause | ||
Abstract | RRC (reduced relative clause) Reduced relative clauses are adjoined to the NP they modify. (Bies et al. 1995) We will use the term \reduced relative clause" to refer to participial or adjectival constituents of the type illustrated in (@26). (26) He bought two watches designed by Paloma Picasso. Reduced relative clauses should be bracketed as adjunction structures. The structure of ( 26) is thus as in (@27). Note that the reduced relative clause, which is headed by a participle, is bracketed as a VP. (27) (S (NP He) (VP bought (NP (NP two watches) (VP designed (PP by (PNP (PNP Paloma) (PNP Picasso)))))) .) (Santorini 1991) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Reduplication (reduplication) | ||
Abstract | process to modify the sense of a word by some operations to repeat the sound of a word. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2346) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
ReferentialVoice | ||
Abstract | entails assignment of the absolutive to certain kinds of arguments other than the logical subjects (A) and objects (P), including the dative, benefactive, malefactive, and possessor. (Klaiman 1991:239) (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/ReferentialVoice) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Reflexive | ||
Abstract | A reflexive verb is a verb whose semantic agent and patient (typically represented syntactically by the subject and the direct object) are the same. In many languages, reflexive constructions are rendered by transitive verbs followed by a reflexive pronoun, as in English -self (e. g., She threw herself to the floor.). (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflexive_verbs 20.11.06) | |
SubClass Of | ||
ReflexiveDeterminer (reflexive adjective) | ||
Abstract | Determiner that refers to the same entity. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1377) | |
SubClass Of | ||
ReflexiveMiddle | ||
Abstract | Reflexive middle makes use of grammatical devices that normally indicate reflexivity. (Ch. Chiarcos) | |
SubClass Of | ||
ReflexivePassive | ||
Abstract | A Passive construction which contains reflexive markings. (Siewierska 1988:257) (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/ReflexivePassive) | |
SubClass Of | ||
ReflexivePossessiveDeterminer | ||
Abstract | Attributive possessive pronoun form of the reflexive pronoun, e.g., Russian ????: ????? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ? ???-??????. Obama on his day of.birth entertained guests with.steaks and hot.dogs "On his birthday, Obama entertained his guests with steaks and hot dogs." (http://ua.rian.ru/world_news/20110805/78815136.html) The antecedent of a possessive reflexive is not determined by its gender, but by its syntactic prominence. | |
ReflexivePronoun | ||
Abstract | A reflexive pronoun is a pronoun that has coreference with the subject. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAReflexivePronoun.htm 19.09.06) | |
SubClass Of | ||
ReflexiveVoice | ||
Abstract | The reflexive voice is a grammatical voice in which the subject is both the agent and the patient or recipient. (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#reflexiveVoice) | |
SubClass Of | ||
RelationNoun (relation noun) | ||
Abstract | relation noun (MIRACL & LSCA; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2226) | |
SubClass Of | ||
RelationalAdjective (relational adjective) | ||
Abstract | The Slovene adjective expresses three main ideas: quality (qualitative adjectives, kakovostni pridevniki), relation (relational adjectives, vrstni pridevniki) and possession (possessive adjectives, svojilni pridevniki). Relational adjectives express type, class or numerical sequence of a noun. For instance: kemijska in fizikalna sprememba (chemical and physical change), fotografski aparat (photographic device (=camera)). (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovene_grammar) | |
SubClass Of | ||
RelativeParticle (relative particle) | ||
Abstract | relative particle (MIRACL & LSCA; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2229) | |
SubClass Of | ||
RelativeTense (relative tense) | ||
Abstract | Relative tense is a tense that refers to a time in relation to a contextually determined temporal reference point, regardless of the latter?s temporal relation to the moment of utterance. (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#relativeTense with reference to http://www.sil.org/linguistics/glossaryoflinguisticterms/whatisrelativetense.htm) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
RelativeAdjective | ||
Abstract | Relative adjectives express similarity or a comparison. (Schmidt 1999, p.218, http://purl.org/olia/emille.owl#RelativeAdjective) | |
SubClass Of | ||
RelativeAdverb | ||
Abstract | The value relative is used for adverbs in clear relative cases as in: "The place 'where' I met you.", "The reason 'why' I did it." (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/pub/eagles/lexicons/elm_en.ps.gz, p.33, 07.05.07) | |
SubClass Of | ||
RelativeClause | ||
Abstract | A relative clause is a subordinate clause that modifies a noun. For example, the noun phrase [the man who wasn't there] contains the noun [man], which is modified by the relative clause [who wasn't there] (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#relativeClause with reference to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_clause and Dik 1997) There are three di erent types of relative clauses in English (be careful not to confuse relative clauses and complement clauses): (i) wh-relative clauses (a guy who(m) I know), (ii) that-relative clauses (a guy that I know), and (iii) zero relative clauses (a guy I know). (Santorini 1991) | |
SubClass Of | ||
RelativeDeterminer | ||
Abstract | The relative determiner describes a attributive relative pronoun. In German "wessen" in "Ich weiss nicht, wessen Auto das ist." or the English "whose" in "The man whose daughter became ill.". The relative determiner needs a noun to complete a NP (Nominal Phrase). (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/pub/eagles/lexicons/elm_en.ps.gz, p.28, 07.05.07) | |
SubClass Of | ||
RelativeModality | ||
Abstract | Mood to express reported speech (or indirect speech) as opposed to direct speech. | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
RelativeMood | ||
Abstract | Mood to express reported speech (or indirect speech) as opposed to direct speech. | |
SubClass Of | ||
RelativePast | ||
Abstract | RelativePastTense locates the situation in question before that of a contextually determined temporal reference point (Comrie 1985: 104). Also called PastPerfectTense. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/RelativePast) | |
SubClass Of | ||
RelativePresent | ||
Abstract | RelativePresentTense locates the situation in question simultaneously with some contextually determined temporal reference point. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/RelativePresent) | |
SubClass Of | ||
RelativePronoun | ||
Abstract | A relative pronoun is a pronoun that marks a relative clause, functions grammatically within the relative clause, and is coreferential to the word modified by the relative clause. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsARelativePronoun.htm 19.09.06) | |
SubClass Of | ||
RelativeQuantifier | ||
Abstract | In the Czech MTE v4 specs, Numeral/Class="relative" are items meaning `how many/much', `as many/much' etc. Strictly speaking, they are pronumerals (pro-quantifiers), but traditional descriptions don't recognise such a category, so they are described variously as pronouns or as numerals (because their syntactic distribution is that of numerals, or very close)." (Ivan A Derzhanski, email 2010/06/11, http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#RelativeQuantifier) | |
SubClass Of | ||
RelevanceAspect | ||
Abstract | relevance aspect (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#relevanceAspect) | |
SubClass Of | ||
RemoteFuture | ||
Abstract | RemoteFutureTense locates the situation in question at a time that is considered relatively distant. It is characteristically after the span of time culturally defined as 'tomorrow' (Dahl 1985:121; Comrie 1985:94). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/RemoteFuture) | |
SubClass Of | ||
RemotePast | ||
Abstract | RemotePastTense locates the situation in question prior to the present moment, usually more than a few days ago (Dahl 1985:121; Comrie 1985:88). Subsumes notion of PreHesternalPast tense, which locates the situation in question before that of an opposing hesternal past tense. (Bybee, Perkins, Pagliuca 1994: 98). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/RemotePast) | |
SubClass Of | ||
RepetitiveCoordinatingConjunction | ||
Abstract | Conjunction/Coord_Type="repetit" (Romanian). In Romanian, there are three kinds of conjunctions depending on their usage: as such or together with other conjunctions or adverbs: (1) simple, between conjuncts: Ion ori Maria (John or Mary); (2) repetitive, before each conjunct: fie Ion fie Maria fie... (either John or Mary or...) (3) correlative, before a conjoined phrase, it requires specific coordinators between conjuncts: at?t mama c?t ?i tata (both mother and father). (MTE v4, http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#RepetitiveCoordinatingConjunction) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Residual | ||
Abstract | From a linguistic point of view, Residuals are a heterogeneous class and so, Residual may overlap with every linguistically motivate annotation concept. Also between subconcepts, overlap may occur (e.g. \LaTeX which is a symbol which can be read as an Acronym or acronyms which are related to Abbreviations, e.g. GNU "Gnu is not Unix") | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
RhetoricalModifier | ||
Abstract | added in conformance with TIGER | |
SubClass Of | ||
RightParentheticalPunctuation | ||
Abstract | End of a paired punctuation. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2079) RightParentheticalPunctuation is a punctuation mark which concludes a constituent whose the opening is marked by a LeftParentheticalPunctuation, e.g. ), ] and Spanish ?. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node17.html#recv 19.09.06) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
RomanNumeral | ||
Abstract | Numeral expressed with roman digits. | |
SubClass Of | ||
Root (root) | ||
Abstract | base of a word (MIRACL & LSCA; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2231) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Script | ||
Abstract | Set of graphic characters used for the written form of one or more languages. | |
SubClass Of | ||
Second | ||
Abstract | Refers to the person(s) the speaker is addressing (Crystal 1997: 285). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Second) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
SecondaryPunctuation (secondary punctuation) | ||
Abstract | Punctuation that is not very important with regards to sentence splitting in a text. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2076) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
SecondFamiliar | ||
Abstract | In several European languages exist special forms of pronouns for polite or respectful reference, e.g. Dutch u and Spanish usted. The feature SecondFamiliar applies to the corresponding unmarked forms for informal conversiation in such languages. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node18.html#oav1p 19.09.06) | |
SubClass Of | ||
SecondHonorific | ||
SubClass Of | ||
SecondNonHonorific | ||
SubClass Of | ||
SecondPersonPronoun | ||
Abstract | Second person deixis means deictic reference to a person or persons identified as addressee. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsSecondPersonDeixis.htm 19.09.06) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
SecondPolite | ||
Abstract | In several European languages exist special forms of pronouns for polite or respectful reference, e.g. Dutch u and Spanish usted. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node18.html#oav1p 19.09.06) | |
SubClass Of | ||
SemanticInverseVoice | ||
Abstract | If the agent outranks the patient on the relevant generic topic hierarchy, the direct-active clause is used. If the relevant norm is reversed and the patient outranks the agent on the relevant hierarchy, the inverse clause is used. (Givon 1994:23) (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/SemanticInverse) | |
SubClass Of | ||
SemelfactiveAspect | ||
Abstract | Momentaneous, without an inherent end-point, as sneeze (Michaelis 1998:xvi). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Semelfactive) | |
SubClass Of | ||
SemiColon (semi-colon) | ||
Abstract | Sign (;) usually used to separate phrases. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1446) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sentence | ||
Abstract | The maximal, syntactically independent, segments into which a text is subdivided, for parsing purposes, are normally considered to be sentences. In a written text, they are typically (though by no means invariably) delimited by an initial capital letter and a final full stop (`.') or other terminal punctuation. It is convenient to accept this primary orthographic definition of `sentence' for the purposes of syntactic annotation. However, a sentence, so defined, may be either a full sentence (9) or a `grammatically incomplete' one (10). (9) [S This is a sentence. S] (10) [S Well done. S] The same applies to sentences included within other sentences, as in (11) (11) [S [S ``Well done'', S] she said. S] } ``Well done'' in 11 is labelled as a sentence, since it clearly has an independent syntactic status equivalent to those of 9, even though it is included in another sentence. This inclusion of one independent sentence within another is found both with reported speech and elsewhere. Phenomena such as those illustrated in 10 are by no means exceptional in text corpora. In transcriptions of spoken discourse, there is no simple answer to the question ``What is a sentence?''. Some transcriptions, based on standard orthography, yield de facto sentences in the form of units beginning with a capital letter and closing with a terminal punctuation mark. For these, there is no problem in recognising the primary sentential segments and delimiting them by [S ... S], even though these segments frequently lack the canonical structure of a complete written sentence. Moreover, even in other transcriptions, where the standard orthographic practices of sentence delimitation are avoided, it is possible to identify `primary segments' analogous to the written sentence, viz. the primary units into which the transcribed discourse is divided for parsing purposes. For spoken as well as written language, then, the [S] unit may be retained, although it may be interpreted differently, and some other term, such as `primary segment', may be preferred to `sentence'. We conclude by recommending, for the syntactic annotation of any text (including a transcription of spoken language), an exhaustive division of the text into units labelled [S ... S]. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/segsasg1/node30.html#SECTION00052100000000000000) | |
SubClass Of | ||
SentenceFinalPunctuation | ||
Abstract | SentenceFinalPunctuation are . ? !. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node17.html#recv 19.09.06) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
SentenceMedialPunctuation | ||
Abstract | SentenceMedialPunctuation are , ; : - . (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node17.html#recv 19.09.06) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
Separable | ||
Abstract | A separable verb is a verb that is composed of a verb stem and a separable affix. In some verb forms, the verb appears in one word, whilst in others the verb stem and the affix are separated. German and Dutch are notable for having many separable verbs. For example, the Dutch verb "aankomen" is a separable verb. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separable_verb 20.11.06) | |
SubClass Of | ||
SeparablePrefix | ||
Abstract | separable verb prefix, e.g., "Auch die Vertreter der AfB [stimmten] den 86 Millionen [zu]." | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sequel | ||
Abstract | Adopted from ILPOSTS for Indian languages. No definition or examples provided: Distance=Sequel (http://purl.org/olia/ilposts.owl#Sequel) | |
SubClass Of | ||
ShortDefiniteArticle (short article) | ||
Abstract | For definiteness, when a specific form is not the syntactic subject of the clause. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1927) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Simple | ||
Abstract | Simple applies to the regular type of coordinator occurring between conjuncts: German und, for example. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node18.html#oav1av 17.11.06) | |
SubClass Of | ||
SimplePreposition (simple preposition) | ||
Abstract | Preposition that is a pure simple word in contrast with the notion of fused preposition. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1900) | |
SubClass Of | ||
SimpleAspect | ||
Abstract | non-progressive, non-purposive aspect (for Indian languages defined by http://purl.org/olia/ilposts.owl#SimpleAspect) | |
SubClass Of | ||
SimpleCoordinatingConjunction | ||
Abstract | Simple applies to the regular type of coordinator occurring between conjuncts: German und, for example. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node18.html#oav1av 17.11.06) | |
SubClass Of | ||
SimpleFuture | ||
Abstract | FutureTense locates the situation in question after the present moment, with no specification on the distance in time. (adapted from the definition of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Past) | |
SubClass Of | ||
SimplePast | ||
Abstract | PastTense locates the situation in question prior to the present moment, with no specification on the distance in time (Comrie 1985). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Past) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Singular | ||
Abstract | Singular is a grammatical number denoting a unit quantity (as opposed to the plural and other forms). (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singular 17.11.06) | |
SubClass Of | ||
SingularQuantifier | ||
Abstract | A singular quantifier is a quantifier or a numeral that specifies a single referent from a set. (Chiarcos) In Czech and Slovak MTE v4 specs, the corresponding category Numeral/Class="definite1" is applied to the numeral "one". (MTE v4) | |
SubClass Of | ||
SlangRegister (slang register) | ||
Abstract | An extremely informal register of a word, term, or text that is used in spoken and everyday language and less commonly in documents. (ISO12620; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1995) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Slash (slash) | ||
Abstract | The punctuation sign / (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1437) | |
SubClass Of | ||
SociativeCase (sociative case) | ||
Abstract | Case related to the person in whose company the action is carried out, or to any belongings of people which take part in the action. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1388) | |
SubClass Of | ||
SourceRole | ||
Abstract | A source role instantiates the origin of an event or entity. (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#sourceRole) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Space (space) | ||
Abstract | Empty area between words, lines or columns (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2189) | |
SubClass Of | ||
SpatiotemporalNoun (spatio-temporal noun) | ||
Abstract | NLOC Noun Location This is an entirely new tag introduced to cover an important phenomenon of Indian Languages. Words like 'Age', 'upara', 'pahele', 'bAda', etc. are used in various ways in Hindi. 1. They act as a postposition along with 'ke' e.g. ghade ke upara thAlI rakhI HE. ("pot" "on" "plate" "kept" "is") Here 'ke upara' is a post position which is the direct equivalent of the English preposition 'on'. 2. They also act as adverbs. e.g. tuma upara jAo. ("You" "up" "go") Here 'upara' is an adverbial of place. 3. These words also take post positions themselves and so in some sense behave like nouns. e.g. vaHa upara se AyA. ("He" "above" "from" "came") 4. As pointed out in 3. above, these words take postpositions and act as arguments of the verb in the sentence. And they also take a post position to join with a another noun. So in that sense also they behave like nouns. e.g. upara kA HissA ("above" "of" "portion") To tag such words one option is to tag them according to the category to which they belong in the given sentence. For example in 1. above, the word is occurring as a postposition so can be marked as a postposition. In example 2. above, it is an adverb so can be marked as an adverb and so on. But we feel that these words are more like nouns as is evident from 3. and 4. above, and also if we consider for examples, 'aage', 'upara', etc. as places which are in front, up, etc then we can tag them as nouns. But these are not pure nouns. They are nouns which indicate a location or time. These also function as adverbs or prepositions in a context. So a new tag NLOC is introduced for such words. This tag will cater to a finite set of such words. set: (Age, piche, upara, nIce, bAda, pahele) ("front", "behind", "above", "below", "before") Such words if tagged according to their syntactic function, it will hamper machine learning. So a single tag, NLOC has been devised for such words which indicate location and time. e.g., (upara, Age, pahele, bAda) (IIIT (2007), A Part of Speech Tagger for Indian Languages (POS tagger), Tagset developed at IIIT - Hyderabad after consultations with several institutions through two workshops. available under http://shiva.iiit.ac.in/SPSAL2007/iiit_tagset_guidelines.pdf) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Specific | ||
Abstract | "By ?specific? and ?non-specific? I intend the difference between the two readings of English indefinites like (3): (3) I?m looking for a deer. In the specific reading there is a particular deer, say Bambi, that I am looking for. In the non-specific reading I will be happy to find any deer. Von Heusinger (2002) likes the test in English of inserting ?certain? after the ?a? to fix the specific reading. In either reading of (3) a deer is being introduced as a new discourse referent. This is opposed to ?definite? which requires a previous pragmatic instantiation as in ?I?m looking for the deer.? In English both the readings of (3) are indefinite. In Klallam, the specific demonstratives are neither definite nor indefinite." (Montler, Timothy. 2007. Klallam demonstratives. Papers ICSNL XLVII. The 42nd International Conference on Salish and Neighbouring Language, pp. 409-425. University of British Columbia Working Papers in Linguistics, Volume 20; on specific vs. nonspecific determiners in Klallam, a Salish language, http://montler.net/papers/KlallamDemons.pdf) | |
SubClass Of | ||
SpecificArticle (specific determiner) | ||
Abstract | "By ?specific? and ?non-specific? I intend the difference between the two readings of English indefinites like (3): (3) I?m looking for a deer. In the specific reading there is a particular deer, say Bambi, that I am looking for. In the non-specific reading I will be happy to find any deer. Von Heusinger (2002) likes the test in English of inserting ?certain? after the ?a? to fix the specific reading. In either reading of (3) a deer is being introduced as a new discourse referent. This is opposed to ?definite? which requires a previous pragmatic instantiation as in ?I?m looking for the deer.? In English both the readings of (3) are indefinite. In Klallam, the specific demonstratives are neither definite nor indefinite." (Montler, Timothy. 2007. Klallam demonstratives. Papers ICSNL XLVII. The 42nd International Conference on Salish and Neighbouring Language, pp. 409-425. University of British Columbia Working Papers in Linguistics, Volume 20; on specific vs. nonspecific determiners in Klallam, a Salish language, http://montler.net/papers/KlallamDemons.pdf) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
StatusConstructus | ||
Abstract | morphological form of the nominal head of noun+noun-phrases which in spite of a missing determiner (article) is invariably understood as semantically determined. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2997) The construct state or status constructus is a noun form occurring in Afro-Asiatic languages. It is particularly common in Semitic languages (such as Arabic, Hebrew, and Syriac), in the Berber languages, and in the extinct Egyptian language. ... In Semitic languages, nouns are placed in the construct state when they are semantically definite and modified by another noun in a genitive construction. Note that this differs from the genitive case of European languages in that it is the head (modified) noun rather than the dependent (modifying) noun which is marked. However, in Semitic languages with grammatical case (e.g. Classical Arabic), the modifying noun in a genitive construction is placed in the genitive case, in addition to marking the head noun with the construct state. ... The construct state is one of the three grammatical states of nouns in Arabic, the other two being the indefinite state and the definite state. ... (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construct_state) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Stem (stem) | ||
Abstract | Root of a word, together with any derivational affixes, to which inflectional affixes are added. (www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAStem.htm; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1389) | |
SubClass Of | ||
StillPresent | ||
Abstract | StillPresentTense is similar to PresentTense but carries the presupposition that an event or state held before the moment of utterance. In positive declarative clauses, still present tense asserts that the event or state holds at the moment of utterance (Comrie 1985: 54; named changed from 'StillTense'). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/StillPresent) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
StrictAuxiliaryVerb | ||
Abstract | Non-modal, non-copular auxiliary verb. | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
String | ||
Abstract | Character string to be interpreted in context | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
Strong | ||
Abstract | Strong pronouns are different from the weak pronouns (cf. StrengthFeature:Weak) | |
SubClass Of | ||
StrongPersonalPronoun (strong personal pronoun) | ||
Abstract | Personal pronoun that can occupy the position after a preposition and/or reinforce a weak personal pronoun. (Eagles; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1390) | |
SubClass Of | ||
StrongInflection | ||
Abstract | In German (and other Germanic languages), when gender, number and case are not expressed by a determiner, the adjective takes the endings of the strong inflection. (http://www.canoo.net/services/OnlineGrammar/Wort/Adjektiv/Deklinationstyp/Stark.html 20.11.06) Strong inflection is a characteristic of lexemes, not individual tokens. | |
SubClass Of | ||
StructuralExpletive | ||
Abstract | Three different expletive usages [of the German expletive pronoun es] are traditionally distinguished: formal subject or object (expletive argument), correlate of an extraposed clausal argument (expletive correlate), and Vorfeld-es (structural expletive) (cf. (Eisenberg 1999 2001), (P?tz 1986)). (Telljohann et al. 2009, p.60) In German, a purely structural dummy element ... occurs in Vorfeld position only and is not correlated with any argument of the clause. It does not agree with the verb which becomes evident if there is a plural subject in the Mittelfeld: "es zahlen ihn die V?lker, deren Menschenrechte angeblich verteidigt werden." It is ungrammatical in the Mittelfeld, e.g. *". . . dass es ihn die V?lker zahlen". | |
SubClass Of | ||
SubablativeCase | ||
Abstract | SubablativeCase expresses that the referent of the noun it marks is the location from under which another referent is moving. It has the meaning 'from under'. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Subablative) | |
SubClass Of | ||
SuballativeCase | ||
Abstract | SuballativeCase expresses that something is moving toward the region that is under the referent of the noun it marks. It has the meaning 'towards the region that is under'. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Suballative) | |
SubClass Of | ||
SubessiveCase | ||
Abstract | SubessiveCase expresses that the referent of the noun it marks is the location under which another referent exists. It has the meaning of 'under' or 'beneath'. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Subessive) | |
SubClass Of | ||
SubjunctiveModality | ||
Abstract | The subjunctive is the mood that is minimally marked as opposed to the indicative and that marks a clause as not directly representing an assertion of the speaker. (http://www.uni-erfurt.de/sprachwissenschaft/proxy.php?port=8080&file=lido/servlet/Lido_Servlet Subjunktiv 18.06.07) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
SubjunctiveMood | ||
Abstract | The subjunctive is the mood that is minimally marked as opposed to the indicative and that marks a clause as not directly representing an assertion of the speaker. (http://www.uni-erfurt.de/sprachwissenschaft/proxy.php?port=8080&file=lido/servlet/Lido_Servlet Subjunktiv 18.06.07) | |
SubClass Of | ||
SubjunctiveParticle | ||
Abstract | In the Romanian MULTEXT-East scheme, a verbal particle with Particle/Type="future" modifies the verbs and marks the verb as being subjunctive, e.g., s-/s?, s? (Dan Tufis, email 2010/06/09, http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#SubjunctiveParticle) | |
SubClass Of | ||
SubjunctiveVerb | ||
Abstract | A subjunctive verb is typically used to expresses wishes, commands (in subordinate clauses), emotion, possibility, judgment, necessity, and statements that are contrary to fact at present. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjunctive_mood 19.09.06) | |
SubClass Of | ||
SublativeCase | ||
Abstract | SublativeCase expresses that the referent of the noun it marks is the location under which another referent is moving toward. It has the meaning 'towards the underneath of'. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Sublative) | |
SubClass Of | ||
SubordinateClause | ||
Abstract | SubordinateClause is the class of clauses that cannot stand on their own as sentences. A matrix clause combined with a subordinate clause form a main clause. In the sentence 'John thinks that Mary is sick', 'Mary is sick' is the subordinate clause. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/SubordinateClause) Dependent clauses (which are also sometimes referred to as subordinate clauses) cannot stand alone as sentences. They usually begin with subordinating conjunctions. A sentence with an independent clause and any number of dependent clauses is referred to as a complex sentence. One with two or more independent clauses and any number of dependent clauses is referred to as a compound-complex sentence (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clause, cf. http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#subordinateClause). A subordinate clause is an embedded construction which contains a finite verb form. (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#finiteEmbeddedConstruction) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
SubordinatingConjunction | ||
Abstract | Subordinating conjunctions, also called subordinators, are conjunctions that introduce a dependent clause. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_conjunction 19.09.06) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
SubordinatingConjunctionWithComparative | ||
Abstract | For example, in German the subordinating conjunction "als" is followed by various kinds of comparative clause (including clauses without finite verbs). (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node19.html#oav2u 17.11.06) | |
SubClass Of | ||
SubordinatingConjunctionWithFiniteClause | ||
Abstract | For example, in German the subordinating conjunction "weil" introduces a clause with a finite verb. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node19.html#oav2u 17.11.06) | |
SubClass Of | ||
SubordinatingConjunctionWithInfinite | ||
Abstract | For example, in German the subordinating conjunction "ohne" ("zu"...) is followed by an infinitive. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node19.html#oav2u 17.11.06) | |
SubClass Of | ||
SubordinatingConjunctionWithNegation | ||
Abstract | Conjunction/Sub_Type="negative" (Romanian, Serbian, Russian) In Romanian, each conjunction requires another mood, so that the diversity may be controlled by subcategorisation rules. The attribute Sub_Type distinguishes among the positive and negative conjunctions, providing means to control verbal double negation, (as in case of the negative pronouns, determiners and adverbs): nici NU am venit, nimeni NU vorbe?te, nici_un tren N-a trecut, nic?ieri N-am v?zut (MTE v4, http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#NegativeSubordinatingConjunction) | |
SubClass Of | ||
SubordinatingConjunctionWithoutNegation | ||
Abstract | Conjunction/Sub_Type="negative" (Romanian, Serbian, Russian) In Romanian, each conjunction requires another mood, so that the diversity may be controlled by subcategorisation rules. The attribute Sub_Type distinguishes among the positive and negative conjunctions, providing means to control verbal double negation, (as in case of the negative pronouns, determiners and adverbs): nici NU am venit, nimeni NU vorbe?te, nici_un tren N-a trecut, nic?ieri N-am v?zut (MTE v4, http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#PositiveSubordinatingConjunction) | |
SubClass Of | ||
SubordinatorField | ||
Abstract | In the German clause, the PARORD-field is the field for non-coordinating particles which optionally occur as the left-most element of a verb-second clause (Telljohann et al. 2009, p.17) | |
SubClass Of | ||
SubstantiveAdjective (Substantive adjective) | ||
Abstract | An adjective that modifies an implied, but not expressed, noun. When translating such an adjective into English, you must supply the missing noun. (www.southwestern.edu/~carlg/Latin_Web/glossary.html; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1394) (Chiarcos: this seems to pertain to nominalization) | |
SubClass Of | ||
SubstitutivePronoun | ||
Abstract | non-attributive pronoun | |
SubClass Of | ||
SubterminativeCase | ||
Abstract | SubterminativeCase expresses the notion of something moving into the region under the referent of the noun it marks, but not through that region. It has the meaning 'into the region under'. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Subterminative) | |
SubClass Of | ||
SubtranslativeCase | ||
Abstract | SubtranslativeCase expresses the notion of something moving along a trajectory underneath the referent of the noun it marks. It has the meaning 'along the region underneath'. Unfortunate name clash with 'Superlative' as a feature of adjectives. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Subtranslative) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Suffix (suffix) | ||
Abstract | Affix added at the end of the word to change its meaning or part of speech. (Sue Ellen Wright + Gil Francopoulo; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1395) | |
SubClass Of | ||
SuperablativeCase | ||
Abstract | Superablative expresses that the referent of the noun it marks is the location from over which another referent is moving. It has the meaning 'from over'. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Superablative) | |
SubClass Of | ||
SuperallativeCase | ||
Abstract | SuperallativeCase expresses that something is moving toward the region that is above the referent of the noun it marks. It has the meaning 'towards the region that is over'. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Superallative) | |
SubClass Of | ||
SuperessiveCase | ||
Abstract | SuperessiveCase expresses that the referent of the noun it marks is the location on which another referent exists. It has the meaning of 'on' or 'upon'. (Pei and Gaynor 1954: 207, Gove, et al. 1966: 2293). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Superessive) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Superlative | ||
Abstract | The superlative of an adjective or adverb is a form of adjective or adverb which indicates that something has some feature to a greater degree than anything it is being compared to in a given context. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superlative 17.11.06) | |
SubClass Of | ||
SuperlativeParticle (superlative particle) | ||
Abstract | Particle expressing superlative degree. Superlative is the comparison between more than two entities and contrasts with comparative where only two entities are involved and positive where no comparison is implied. (Crystal 2003; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1923) | |
SubClass Of | ||
SuperlativeCase | ||
Abstract | SuperlativeCase expresses that the referent of the noun it marks is the location onto which another referent is moving. It has the meaning of 'onto'. Unfortunate name clash with 'Superlative' as a property of adjectives. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Superlative) | |
SubClass Of | ||
SuperterminativeCase | ||
Abstract | SuperterminativeCase expresses the notion of something moving into the region over the referent of the noun it marks, but not through that region. It has the meaning 'into the region over'. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Superterminative) | |
SubClass Of | ||
SupertranslativeCase | ||
Abstract | SupertranslativeCase expresses the notion of something moving along a trajectory above the referent of the noun it marks. It has the meaning 'along the region over'. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Supertranslative) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Supine | ||
Abstract | Supine is a nonfinite form of motion verbs with functions similar to that of an infinitive (Angelika Adams) | |
SubClass Of | ||
SuspensionPoints (suspension points) | ||
Abstract | Sequence of three dots having the same meaning as "et cetera" (full form) or "etc" (abbreviated form). (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1447) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Symbol | ||
Abstract | In morphosyntactic annotation schemes, a symbol is a single graphical sign that occurs in a written text with a conventionalized meaning but that does not represent a phoneme (like ordinary characters), an orthogaphic sign (punctuation), or a number. (Christian Chiarcos) Symbols such as alphabetic characters can vary for singular and plural (e.g. How many Ps are there in `psychopath'?), and are in this respect like common nouns. In some languages (e.g. Portuguese) such symbols also have gender. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node17.html#recr) | |
SubClass Of | ||
SyntacticAdjunct | ||
Abstract | Prototypically, an optional (morpho)syntactic constituent. 'Satellites are not ... required by the predicate; they give optional further information pertaining to additional features of the SoA ..., the location of the SoA ..., the speaker's attitude towards or evaluation of the propositional content ..., or the character of the speech act...' (Dik, 1997:87) (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#syntacticAdjunct) The category adjunct (ADJ) is assigned to those constituents that appear as optional additions, be it to the main verb or to a given noun. This means that they can be left out freely without a change in grammaticality or a significant change in meaning. In "John called Mary (from school) (with his cell phone)" the optional additions "from school" and "with his cell phone" are such optional additions that can be left out freely. Adjuncts are generally used to convey additional information about the time, place, manner, or cause of the event or situation described by the clause (see below). That is, they restrict the class of events/ situations described by the clause to a subset. If required the category ADJ can be split up into semantic sub-categories, that are annotated in layer semantic roles (time, location, etc.). (Dipper et al. 2007, ?4.3.3) | |
SubClass Of | ||
SyntacticArgument | ||
Abstract | An inherent (morpho)syntactic constituent subcategorized for by a predicate. 'Arguments are those terms which are required by some predicate in order to form a complete nuclear predication. They are essential to the integrity of the SoA designated by the predicate frame. If we leave them out, the property/relation designated by the predicate is not fulfilled or satisfied.' (Dik, 1997:86f) An argument can be a controller in an agreement relation. (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#syntacticArgument) The category ARG is assigned to those syntactic constituents that appear as obligatory complements to the main verb. This means that they cannot be left out without a change in grammaticality or a significant change in meaning. (Dipper et al. 2007, ?4.3.3) |
|
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
SyntacticComplement | ||
Abstract | A complement is a phrase that fits a particular slot in the syntax requirements of a parent phrase (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complement_%28linguistics%29). An additional (morpho)syntactic constituent that may be subcategorized for by the predicate. (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#syntacticComplement) | |
SubClass Of | ||
SyntacticObject | ||
Abstract | In linguistics, the object of a transitive verb is one of its core arguments, which generally represents the target of the verb's action or the undergoer of its effects. In more general terms, an object is a patient. Verbs with no object (as in the sentence "I run") are called intransitive verbs. Those which do take objects are called transitive verbs. Transitive verbs which take only one object are known as monotransitive. Ditransitive verbs have two objects, a patient and a recipient. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_%28grammar%29). (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#syntacticObject) An object, traditionally defined, is either a direct object or an indirect object. An object, in some usages, is any grammatical relation other than subject (Crystal 1985: 211; Hartmann and Stork 1972: 155-156; Mish et al. 1990: 814, Comrie 1989: 66). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/object) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
SyntacticSubject | ||
Abstract | The subject of a sentence is one of the two main parts of a sentence, the other being the predicate. Providing an adequate definition of the notion of a subject is notoriously difficult, and depends on a range of grammatical properties that may vary from language to language. For this reason, many current grammatical theories avoid using the term, except for purely descriptive purposes, or define it in terms of occupying a particular position in the clause. The term subject refers to the grammatical function an expression may have in relation to other expressions in a sentence, and it should be distinguished from parts of speech, which classify expressions independently of their relations to other constituents of a sentence. The subject of a verb is the argument which generally refers to the origin of the action or the undergoer of the state shown by the verb. However, this definition depends on the particular language under consideration. In languages where a passive voice exists, the subject of a passive verb may be the target or result of the action. This is a semantic definition. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subject_(grammar)). (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#syntacticSubject) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
TabooRegister (taboo register) | ||
Abstract | Register that expresses a situation that people avoid because it is extremely offensive or embarrassing. (ISO12620; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1996) | |
SubClass Of | ||
TargetRole | ||
Abstract | The target role instantiates the destination of an event or entity. | |
SubClass Of | ||
TechnicalRegister (technical register) | ||
Abstract | The register appropriate to scientific texts or special languages. (ISO12620; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1997) | |
SubClass Of | ||
TemporalisCase | ||
Abstract | The so-called Temporalis Case is formed in Hungarian with -kor. Expresses a point of time or a period. (http://member.melbpc.org.au/~tmajlath/form-suffix.html) | |
SubClass Of | ||
TenseMarkingAuxiliary | ||
Abstract | An auxiliary that marks exclusively tense, e.g., in Urdu: Auxiliaries: Based on the syntactic nature of Urdu, auxiliaries are divided into two categories. Aspectual auxiliaries always occur after main verb of the sentence. Tense auxiliaries are used to show the time of the action. They occurred at the end of the verb phrase. (Sajjad 2007). In Urdu, the auxiliary g? indicates future tense when it follows a verb in the subjunctive form. (http://purl.org/olia/emille.owl#GaAuxiliary) | |
SubClass Of | ||
TenseMarkingParticle | ||
Abstract | Dzongkha has also a tense marker, which is not complicated like in other languages. It has got only six tense markers and can be used in a very simple and effective way. They are: ('Ni'+'Wong') for future, ('D'o'+'D'?') for present and ('Ci'+'Yi') for past tense. ?? ?????? ? ? ? Nga naba jo-ni[past tense] I tomorrow go-will-[past] 'I am going tomorrow' (http://panl10n.net/english/Outputs%20Phase%202/CCs/Bhutan/Papers/2007/0701/PartOfSpeech.pdf) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
TerminativeAspect | ||
Abstract | Denotes the termination of an event (Bhat 1999: 92). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Terminative) | |
SubClass Of | ||
TerminativeCase | ||
Abstract | Case that indicates to what or where something ends. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1401) TerminativeCase expresses the notion of something into but not further than (ie, not through) the referent of the noun it marks. It has the meaning 'into but not through'. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/TerminativeCase) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Text (text) | ||
Abstract | Series of sentences expressed in a natural language. (Gil Francopoulo; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1847) | |
SubClass Of | ||
ThemeRole | ||
Abstract | Theme is a general term covering the notions of patient that means an entity affected by the action, of result that means an entity effected by the action, i.e. which emerges out of the action, or of theme that means an entity effected by the action, i.e. which emerges out of the action. (Dipper et al. 2007: ?5.3.3) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Third | ||
Abstract | Third person is deictic reference to a referent(s) not identified as the speaker or addressee. For example in English "he", "she", "they" or the third person singular verb suffix -s, e.g. in "He sometimes flies." (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsThirdPersonDeixis.htm 20.11.06) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
ThirdObviative | ||
Abstract | Obviative refers to one or more non-participants that are in some way further removed from the speaker than other non-particpants. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/ThirdObviative) | |
SubClass Of | ||
ThirdPersonPronoun | ||
Abstract | Third person reference is a deictic reference to a referent(s) not identified as the speaker or addressee. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsThirdPersonDeixis.htm 19.09.06) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
ThirdProximative | ||
Abstract | Proximative refers to one or more non-participants that are in some way distinct/closer to the speaker than other non-particpants. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/ThirdProximative) | |
SubClass Of | ||
TimeNoun | ||
Abstract | noun expressing time | |
TimeRole | ||
Abstract | Semantic role corresponding to the label "TIME" used by the Stanford Dependency Parser. Time covers a point or an interval of time at which the action takes place. (Dipper et al. 2007, ?5.3.9) -TMP (temporal) ? marks temporal or aspectual adverbials that answer the questions when, how often, or how long. It has some uses that are not strictly adverbial, such as with dates that modify other NPs (see section 11 [Modification of NP]). (Bies et al. 1995) | |
SubClass Of | ||
TimitiveModality | ||
Abstract | TimitiveMood expresses that the speaker fears something expressed in what is said (Palmer 2001: 13, 22). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Timitive) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
TimitiveMood | ||
Abstract | TimitiveMood expresses that the speaker fears something expressed in what is said (Palmer 2001: 13, 22). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Timitive) | |
SubClass Of | ||
TitleInRunningText | ||
Abstract | -TTL (title) ? is attached to the top node of a title when this title appears inside running text. -TTL implies -NOM. The internal structure of the title is bracketed as usual. (See section 12 [Titles] for more information about the bracketing of titles.) (Bies et al. 1995) | |
SubClass Of | ||
TitleNoun | ||
Abstract | A title designates the function or the social status of an individual. Often, it accompanies a proper noun, but it can also be used in place of a proper noun (if the bearer of the title is contextually unambiguous). E.g. "The/Det German/Adj Chancellor/Title Angela/Name Merkel/Name said ..." can be used besides "the German Chancellor said ...". Accordingly, some schemes (e.g., Chungku et al. 2010, for Dzongkha) group titles together with proper names (http://purl.org/olia/dzongkha.owl#ParticularPersonNoun). However, if multiple people hold the same title, they can be referred to as a group, e.g., "Since WWII, the politics of the German chancellors always followed ...", and in this usage, titles are more comparable to common nouns. Functionally, titles are thus an intermediate category between CommonNoun and ProperNoun (cf. also Mulkern 1996). Titles do, however, share important characteristics with common nouns. In English, for example, titles generally require a definite determiner (unlike proper nouns), even if unambiguous ("the pope"). They are thus classified here as a subtype of CommonNoun. (Ann E. Mulkern. The name of the game. In Jeanette Gundel and Thorstein Fretheim, editors. Reference and Referent Accessibility: Pragmatics and Beyond. John Benjamins, Amsterdam and Philadelphia, 1996, pages 235?250.) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Token (token) | ||
Abstract | Character string surrounded by separators. (Gil Francopoulo; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1403) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
Topicalization | ||
Abstract | Topicalization structures are ones where a non-subject immediately precedes a subject, which immediately precedes the verb/auxiliary of the sentence. Two examples: Pizza, John likes. Tomorrow, I will go to the store. Such examples should be bracketed as adjunction structures. (Santorini 1991) -TPC (?topicalized?) ? marks elements that appear before the subject in a declarative sentence, but in two cases only: (i) if the fronted element is associated with a *T* in the position of the gap. (ii) if the fronted element is left-dislocated (i.e., it is associated with a resumptive pronoun in the position of the gap). (See the section on fronted elements in section 1 [Overview of Basic Clause Structure] for more details on the treatment of fronted elements and the section on *T* with fronted elements in section 4 [Null Elements] for more details on the distribution of *T*.) (Bies et al. 1995) Fronted elements are placed inside the top clause level (e.g. S, SINV, SQ, SBAR). (Only certain fronted elements are tagged -TPC: (i) constituents associated with a *T* in the position of the gap and (ii) left-dislocated constituents (those associated with a resumptive pronoun in the position of the gap).) (See section 1 [Overview of Basic Clause Structure] for more details on the treatment of fronted elements.) (Bies et al. 1995) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Trace | ||
Abstract | T|Trace. Marks the position where a fronted wh-constituent is interpreted. ... T marks the spot where an argument NP that has been moved by wh-movement or relative clause formation is interpreted. For instance, the relative clause the man that I saw should be bracketed as follows, by analogy to the corresponding simple declarative I saw the man. (NP (NP the man) (SBAR that (S (NP I) (VP saw) (NP T))))) T is also used to represent the empty subjects of as-clauses. (Santorini 1991) *T* ?????? trace of A??????-movement (Bies et al. 1995) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Transgressive | ||
Abstract | present (action in the same time as of the predicate): The dog going through the house barks. past (action premature to the one of predicate): He has started to read the book after he had sat down. (ark.wz.cz/cidarke/mverb.html; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1404) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Transitive | ||
Abstract | A predicate/verb that takes two arguments, e.g., English "to kiss", cf. van Valin and Lapolla (1997). | |
SubClass Of | ||
TransitiveObject | ||
Abstract | Second argument of a transitive verb, transitive object (P) (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#P) | |
SubClass Of | ||
TransitiveSubject | ||
Abstract | First argument of a transitive or ditransitive verb. (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#A) | |
SubClass Of | ||
TranslativeCase | ||
Abstract | TranslativeCase expresses that the referent of the noun, or the quality of the adjective, that it marks is the result of a process of change (Lyons 1968: 299301, Gove, et al. 1966: 813,2429, Sebeok 1946: 17, Hakulinen 1961: 70). X along, across Y. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Translative) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Trial (trial) | ||
Abstract | Grammatical number referring to 'three things', as opposed to 'singular' and 'plural'. (en2.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial_number; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1407) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Typo | ||
Abstract | a mis-typed word | |
SubClass Of | ||
UnaccomplishedAspect (unaccomplished) | ||
Abstract | aspect that expresses an event or state that is not finished. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2217) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Uncountable | ||
Abstract | A mass noun (also uncountable noun or non-count noun) can't be modified by a numeral, occur in singular/plural or co-occur with the relevant kind of determiner. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_noun 19.09.06) | |
SubClass Of | ||
UndergoerMacroRole | ||
Abstract | The least agentive argument of the current clause (van Valin and Lapolla 1997), the designated object (from a semantic perspective). | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
Uninflected | ||
Abstract | In many inflecting languages, there occur lexemes whose form does not change throughout the paradigm, e.g., Russian papa "dad". For such forms, the category uninflected may be assigned. However, Uninflected is not to be confused with BaseForm that applies to forms in a paradigm where overt marking exists. Uninflected is a characteristic of lexemes, not individual tokens. | |
SubClass Of | ||
Unique | ||
Abstract | Unique approximates the linguistic concept "Particle". It covers categories with unique or very small membership, such as negative particle, which are `unassigned' to any of the standard part-of-speech categories. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node16.html#mp 19.09.06) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
UniquitiveDeterminer | ||
Abstract | Determiner/Type="exceptional" is applied to the Persian uniquitive determiner ???? i.e., "the only" (MTE v4; Hamidreza Kobdani, email 2010/06/15, http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#UniquitiveDeterminer) | |
SubClass Of | ||
UnitNoun | ||
Abstract | Measuring units are frequently used with numerals. However, they have a different syntactic structure than numerals (Sajjad 2007). In European languages, Units are generally expressed as nouns, e.g., English "ten/Numeral kilogram/Unit". "Kilogram" can also be used as a common noun: "The kilogram is losing weight" (http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-12276822) Hassan Sajjad (2007), Urdu Part of Speech Tagset, version 1.0.0.0, 07-12-2007, Center for research in Urdu Language Processing. National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan, http://www.crulp.org/Downloads/langproc/UrduPOStagger/UrduPOStagset.pdf | |
SubClass Of | ||
Utterance (utterance) | ||
Abstract | Complete unit of talk, bounded by the speaker's silence. (www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAnUtterance.htm; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1409) | |
SubClass Of | ||
VegetableGender | ||
Abstract | Vegetable gender refers to inanimates and exists in some four-way gender systems, e.g., masculine, feminine, neuter, and vegetable as in Bininj Gun-wok [Evans 2003: 202]. | |
SubClass Of | ||
Verb (verb) | ||
Abstract | A verb is a part of speech that usually denotes action ("bring", "read"), occurrence ("decompose", "glitter"), or a state of being ("exist", "stand"). Depending on the language, a verb may vary in form according to many factors, possibly including its tense, aspect, mood and voice. It may also agree with the person, gender, and/or number of some of its arguments (subject, object, etc.). (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verb 19.09.06) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
Verbal | ||
Abstract | In MULTEXT-East a characteristic of abbreviated verbs (http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#Verbal) | |
SubClass Of | ||
VerbalAdverb | ||
Abstract | Adverb/Type="verbal" applies to adverbs derived from from verbs (verbal adverbs) in the Serbian, Macedonian and Hungarian MTE v4 specs. Macedonian verbal adverbs (gerunds) like odejkji are thus not considered as verbal forms, but as Adverb/Type="verbal". (MTE v4) (http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#VerbalAdverb) | |
SubClass Of | ||
VerbalComplex | ||
Abstract | In a German clause, the finite verb can appear in three different positions: verb-second, verb-initial, and verb-final. Only in verb-final clauses the verb complex consisting of the finite verb and non-finite verbal elements forms a unit. The discontinuous positioning of the verbal elements in verb-first and verb-second clauses is the traditional reason for structuring German clauses into fields. The positions of the verbal elements form the Satzklammer (sentence bracket) which divides the sentence into a Vorfeld (initial field), a Mittelfeld (middle field), and a Nachfeld (final field). The Vorfeld and the Mittelfeld are divided by the linke Satzklammer (left sentence bracket), which is the finite verb, the rechte Satzklammer (right sentence bracket) is the verb complex between the Mittelfeld and the Nachfeld. (Telljohann et al. 2009, p.13) The Verbkomplex is a sequence of verb forms. In verb-second and verb-first clauses it consists of one or more non-finite elements or - depending on the verb - of a separable prefix. In verb-final clauses it also contains the finite verb. The rule for the linear order in general is: right determines left. If there is a finite verb in the verb complex, it is usually the right-most element. (Telljohann et al. 2009, p.15) | |
SubClass Of | ||
VerbalHead | ||
Abstract | A Verb (V) at the syntax layer is either a lexical (VLEX) or a copula verb (VCOP) at the POS layer. Modal verbs and auxiliaries are not annotated in the constituent structure. The verb and its arguments are placed at the same CSn layer. Raising and control verbs are treated like ordinary verbs. They subcategorize for a sentential complement. (Dipper et al 2007, ?3.3.3) | |
SubClass Of | ||
VerbalNoun | ||
Abstract | A verbal noun is a noun formed directly as an inflexion of a verb or a verb stem, sharing at least in part its constructions. This term is applied especially to gerunds, and sometimes also to infinitives and supines. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbal_noun 19.09.06) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
VerbalParticle | ||
Abstract | A verbal particle modifies the verb and carries information on the verb form (e.g., finiteness, tense and aspect). (Dimitrova et al. 2009, Dan Tufis, email 2010/06/09). In the Bulgarian MTE specs, Particle/Type=verbal(v) is used to form different type of verbal syntactical relationships, e.g. to create future tense (?? ???????), or particles like ??, ??. (Dimitrova et al. 2009) The Romanian MTE v4 specs provide a more fine-grained subclassification of (verbal) particles (MTE v4, http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#VerbalParticle) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
VerbalPredicate | ||
Abstract | The predicate of the clause is represented by a verbal lexeme. (Ch. Chiarcos) | |
SubClass Of | ||
VerbPhrase | ||
Abstract | VerbPhrase is the class of phrases that have verbs as heads. They can play the role of predicate in a main clause. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/VerbPhrase) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
VisualEvidentiality | ||
Abstract | VisualEvidentiality encodes the fact that the speaker came to believe the content of the expression through direct visual experience; they saw it [Palmer 2001: 57]. | |
SubClass Of | ||
VocativeExpression (vocative expression) | ||
Abstract | An expression referring to a person to which the utterance is addressed, e.g. Old High German "truhtin", "meistar" or "fater". The vocative expression typically occurs outside of the clause and not in an argument position selected by the predicate. (Petrova 2008, see http://purl.org/olia/tcodex.owl) | |
SubClass Of | ||
VocativeCase | ||
Abstract | Vocative case marks a noun whose referent is being addressed. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/glossaryoflinguisticterms/WhatIsVocativeCase.htm 17.11.06) | |
SubClass Of | ||
VoiceNoun (voice noun) | ||
Abstract | noun of a voice (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2253) | |
SubClass Of | ||
VoiceParticle | ||
Abstract | E.g., the mediopassive (middle) voice marker se in the Portuguese EAGLES scheme. (Leech and Wilson 1996) | |
SubClass Of | ||
VolitiveModality (volitive force) | ||
Abstract | VolitiveForce indicates that the speaker is willing to perform some action [Palmer 2001: 76]. | |
SubClass Of | ||
VulgarRegister (vulgar register) | ||
Abstract | Register of a term or text type that can be characterized as profane or socially unacceptable. (ISO12620; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1998) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Weak | ||
Abstract | Weak pronouns are helping pronouns many languages have for easily explaining the possessive status of something, to which something belongs. Many languages have different ways to express this. For example, English has distinctive words for all of these: "my", "mine". Germanic languages and Romance languages have the same, but inflect them for gender: (Spanish example) "m?o", "m?a", "m?os" and "m?as" ("mine", in the masculine singular, feminine singular, masculine plural, and feminine plural form, respectively). (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weak_pronoun 20.11.06) | |
SubClass Of | ||
WeakPersonalPronoun (weak personal pronoun) | ||
Abstract | Personal pronoun that cannot occupy the position after a preposition and/or reinforce a strong personal pronoun. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1414) | |
SubClass Of | ||
WeakInflection | ||
Abstract | German adjectives take the endings of the weak inflection when a determiner expresses number, gender and case. The weak adjective inflection has only two endings: ?e and ?en. (http://www.canoo.net/services/OnlineGrammar/Wort/Adjektiv/Deklinationstyp/Schwach.html 20.11.06) In other Germanic languages, similar systems exist. Weak inflection is a characteristic of lexemes, not individual tokens. | |
SubClass Of | ||
WeakObligativeModality | ||
Abstract | WeakObligativeModality indicates that an agent is under a moral obligation to perform the action expressed by the predicate [Bybee, Perkins and Pagliuca 1994: 186-187]. | |
SubClass Of | ||
WHAdjectivePhrase | ||
Abstract | WHADJP ?????? Wh-adjective Phrase. Adjectival phrase containing a wh-adverb, as in how hot. (Bies et al. 1995) | |
SubClass Of | ||
WHAdverbPhrase | ||
Abstract | WHADVP|Wh-adverb phrase. Phrasal category headed by a wh-adverb such as how or why. (Santorini 1991) WHADVP ?????? Wh-adverb Phrase. Introduces a clause with an ADVP gap. May be null (containing the 0 complementizer) or lexical, containing a wh-adverb such as how or why. (Bies et al. 1995) | |
SubClass Of | ||
WHCleft | ||
Abstract | Wh-clefts are constructions in which a wh-clause functions as the subject of a sentence. A simple example is What matters is the price. Here, the wh-clause What matters is the subject, and is the price is the predicate. The internal structure of the subject is: (NP (SBAR (WHNP what) (S (NP T) (VP matters)))) (Santorini 1991) | |
SubClass Of | ||
WHDeterminer | ||
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
WHNounPhrase | ||
Abstract | WHNP|Wh-noun phrase. Noun phrase containing (among other things) a wh-determiner, as in which book or whose daughter, or consisting of a wh-pronoun like who. (Santorini 1991) WHNP ?????? Wh-noun Phrase. Introduces a clause with an NP gap. May be null (containing the 0 complementizer) or lexical, containing some wh-word, e.g. who, which book, whose daughter, none of which, or how many leopards. (Bies et al. 1995) | |
SubClass Of | ||
WHPrepositionalPhrase | ||
Abstract | WHPP|Wh-prepositional phrase. Prepositional phrase containing a wh-determiner, as in by whatever means necessary. (Santorini 1991) WHPP ?????? Wh-prepositional Phrase. Prepositional phrase containing a wh-noun phrase (such as of which or by whose authority) that either introduces a PP gap or is contained by a WHNP. (Bies et al. 1995) | |
SubClass Of | ||
WHPronoun | ||
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
WHTypeAdverbs | ||
Abstract | Adverb that serves to express interrogativity, exclamation or that serves to link a subordinate clause to the matrix clause. (Ch. Chiarcos) | |
SubClass Of | ||
Sub-Classes | ||
WithComparative | ||
Abstract | For example, in German the subordinating conjunction "als" is followed by various kinds of comparative clause (including clauses without finite verbs). (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node19.html#oav2u 17.11.06) | |
SubClass Of | ||
WithFinite | ||
Abstract | For example, in German the subordinating conjunction "weil" introduces a clause with a finite verb. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node19.html#oav2u 17.11.06) | |
SubClass Of | ||
WithInfinite | ||
Abstract | For example, in German the subordinating conjunction "ohne" ("zu"...) is followed by an infinitive. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node19.html#oav2u 17.11.06) | |
SubClass Of | ||
WordOrderInverse | ||
Abstract | SINV|Inverted declarative sentence, i.e. one in which the subject follows the verb. See Section 5.19. (Santorini 1991) The SINV label is used for subject-auxiliary inversion in the case of negative inversion, conditional inversion, locative inversion, and some topicalizations. ... SINV ?????? Inverted declarative sentence, i.e. one in which the subject follows the tensed verb or modal. (Bies et al. 1995) | |
SubClass Of | ||
YesNoQuestion | ||
Abstract | There are two types of direct questions: yes-no questions and wh-questions. Yes-no questions should be bracketed as SQ. The auxiliary verb or form of do that precedes the subject in a yes-no question is a child of SQ. Note that yes-no questions need not contain a VP node (Santorini 1991) | |
SubClass Of | ||
ZeroComplementizer | ||
Abstract | 0|Zero represents a zero complementizer (= subordinating conjunction); it may need to be deleted. The zero complementizer is generally the counterpart of the overt complementizer that. Example: I??????m sure 0 he??????ll be here any minute. ... 0 stands in for overt subordinating conjunctions like that in tensed subordinate clauses, including relative clauses. So the relative clause the man I saw should be bracketed as follows: (NP (NP the man) (SBAR 0 (S (NP I) (VP saw) (NP T))))) (Santorini 1991) | |
SubClass Of | ||
ZeroPronoun | ||
Abstract | *|An asterisk represents a zero pronoun; it may need to be deleted. ... * is used to represent the empty subject of gerunds, imperatives and to-infinitive clauses. (Santorini 1991) (NP *) ?????? arbitrary PRO, controlled PRO, and trace of A-movement (Bies et al. 1995) | |
SubClass Of | ||
zuInclusion (zu inclusion) | ||
Abstract | Inclusion of zu. (DFKI; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1954) | |
SubClass Of |
Object Properties
hasAspect | ||
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Range | ||
Domain | ||
hasCase | ||
Range | ||
Domain | ||
hasChild | ||
Abstract | In hierarchical relations, the parent is modelled as source, the child as target. | |
hasClusivity | ||
Range | ||
hasCoordType | ||
Range | ||
Domain | ||
hasCountability | ||
Range | ||
Domain | ||
hasDefiniteness | ||
Range | ||
hasDegree | ||
Range | ||
Domain | ||
hasEmphasis | ||
Range | ||
hasEvaluativeFeature | ||
Range | ||
hasEvidentiality | ||
Range | ||
hasGender | ||
Range | ||
Domain | ||
hasInflectionType | ||
Range | ||
hasModality | ||
Sub-Properties | ||
Range | ||
hasMood | ||
Range | ||
hasNumber | ||
Sub-Properties | ||
Range | ||
Domain | ||
hasNumeralAgreementClass | ||
Range | ||
Domain | ||
hasObjectNumber | ||
Abstract | Number of the object of a transitive verb. (Note that this does not entail of hasNumber). | |
Range | ||
Domain | ||
hasParent | ||
Abstract | In hierarchical relations, the parent is modelled as source, the child as target. | |
hasPerson | ||
Sub-Properties | ||
Range | ||
Domain | ||
hasPolarity | ||
Range | ||
hasProximity | ||
Range | ||
hasReduplicationType | ||
Range | ||
hasReferentType | ||
Range | ||
hasReflexivity | ||
Range | ||
Domain | ||
hasRegister | ||
Abstract | Classification indicating the relative level of language individually assigned to a lexeme or term or to a text type. (ISO12620; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1988) | |
Range | ||
hasSemanticRole | ||
Range | ||
hasSemanticValency | ||
Abstract | Semantic valency pertains to the number of semantic arguments a predicate takes. This is not necessarily the same as syntactic valency: In English, expletive "it" is used as a syntactic argument if no semantic argument is available, cf. van Valin and Lapolla (1997). | |
Range | ||
hasSeparability | ||
Range | ||
hasSpecificity | ||
Range | ||
hasStrength | ||
Range | ||
Domain | ||
hasSubordType | ||
Domain | ||
hasSyntacticFunction | ||
Abstract | Relation to be used when the syntactic function of a constituent is different from its morphosyntactic type, cf. FormFunctionDiscrepancy in the PTB bracketing guidelines, Bies et al. (1995, ?2.2.1) | |
Range | ||
hasSyntacticRole | ||
Range | ||
Domain | ||
hasSyntacticValency | ||
Abstract | In annotation schemes for morphosyntax, "valency" normally means syntactic valency, i.e., the number of syntactic arguments a verb/clause takes. | |
Range | ||
hasTense | ||
Range | ||
Domain | ||
hasUsage | ||
Abstract | The relative commonness with which a term occurs. (ISO12620; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1965) | |
Range | ||
hasValency | ||
Range | ||
hasVoice | ||
Range | ||
http://purl.org/olia/hasSemanticRole | ||
Namespace | http://purl.org/olia/ | |
Range | ||
hasObjectPerson (object person) | ||
Abstract | person for the object of the verb (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2279) | |
Range | ||
Domain | ||
olia_system:hasFeature | ||
Namespace | http://purl.org/olia/system.owl# | |
Sub-Properties |
|
|
olia_system:hasSource | ||
Namespace | http://purl.org/olia/system.owl# | |
Sub-Properties | ||
olia_system:hasTarget | ||
Namespace | http://purl.org/olia/system.owl# | |
Sub-Properties | ||
hasOwnedNumber (owned number) | ||
Abstract | Indication concerning the number of the possessed thing. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1930) | |
Range | ||
hasOwnerGender (owner gender) | ||
Abstract | Indication concerning the gender of the person that ownes something. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1416) | |
Range | ||
hasOwnerNumber (owner number) | ||
Abstract | The EAGLES-recommended attribute Possessive accounts for the fact that a possessive pronoun or possessive determiner may have two different numbers. This attribute handles the number which is inherent to the possessive form (e.g. Italian "(la) mia", "(la) nostra" as first-person singular and first-person plural) as contrasted with the number it has by virtue of agreeing with a particular noun (e.g. Italian "(la) mia", "(le) mie)". (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node17.html#recc 20.11.06) Indication concerning the number of the person that ownes something. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1417) Inherent plural or singular of possessive pronouns and possessive determiners. | |
hasOwnerPerson (owner person) | ||
Abstract | Indication concerning the person that ownes something. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1929) | |
Range | ||
hasSubjectNumber (subject number) | ||
Abstract | Number of the subject of a transitive verb. (By default, this is the meaning of hasNumber). | |
Range | ||
Domain | ||
hasSubjectPerson (subject person) | ||
Abstract | person for the subject of the verb (in languages with double congruency) (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2278) | |
Domain |